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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the earlier one uses drug...
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the more likely to more serious abuse
brain is transformed |
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What r the biological, social & vulnerability factors in teens?
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Genetic susceptibility
mental illness unstable family relationship exposure to physical or sexual abuse |
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what r three main changes in adoloscent brain?
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pruning of neurons
hormones PFC maturation |
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3 facts about pruning neurons in ados
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lost 20-40% of total neurons
dec decion making act quick before reflexion |
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2 facts about hormones in ados
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pleasure experiences
influence the primary motivational circuitry, cortical striatal (Nucleus accubens), thalamic cortical: Seek risky behaviors more than adults |
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dapamine fnx in brain
where r dopamineurgic pathway? where is it located? |
Reward
Pleasure Euphoria Motor fnx Compulsion Perseveration Ventral tegemental area located at Frontal cortex (superior) |
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Serotonin fnx in brain
where r bodies of neurons? where is it located? |
Mood
Memory processing Sleep Cognition within the Raphe nucleus located at lower brain (common with other animals) |
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At what age does the PFC mature?
what else happens at that age? PFC = ? more likely to... |
around 22
myelination (fast signal) PFC = judgment to seeking other menas of feeling pleasure more experimentation |
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....can predict substance abuse by age 14-15
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academic/social failure
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cognitive control (restraining cravings)
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PFC
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Motivation, drive & salience evaluation
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OFC
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Reward prediction & the core substrates of pleasures
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Nucleus accumbens
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memory learning, & main substrate of conditioning
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hippocampus & amygdala
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PFC & ACG dominates in ...
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non addictive brain: control and evaluation
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Hipp & amygd dominates + N. accum.
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addicted brain
impulse (potential to catastrophic consequences) |
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T or F
areas of the brain will recover from drug abuse & addiction For almost 10 d of amphetamines exposure, it took a month to recuperate Cocaine video has no effect on addicted brain. |
F
scientists are concerned, never fully recovered F: For almost 10 d, it took a 1 year to recuperate F: has effect, activated amygdala |
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a state in which an organism engages in an inpulsive behavior
loss of ctrl in intake, rewarding or pleasurable |
addiction
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the mech of action of cocaine
therefore |
block D autoreceptor of presynaptic neuron
more D in synapse, prolongpleasure |
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D rich area in brain
other name |
VTA
N acc Cau N other name: "Brain's reward pathway" |
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cocaine indirectly influence ... in the limbic sytem
result into... |
glutamate transmission
neuronal adaptation |
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expalin Cocaine exposure effect on glutamate
This is... PS: ... |
dec basal extracellular glutamete level in N acc, dec in activity of the cystine-glutamate antiporter (mGluR2/3 autoreceptors)
isTolerance PS: it does not act in reverse |
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Amphetamine releases...
it ... PS: ... |
D in synapse
it binds MAO to prevent degradation PS: binds to D autoreceptor causing it tho act in reverse |
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act in reverse
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intead of putting neurotransmitter back into presynaptic neuron, put it back in synapse
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Ecstasy releases...
PS: ... |
D & HT5
PS: binds to D & HT-5 autoreceptor causing it tho act in reverse |
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Blocks receptor
Reverse uptake |
Cocaine
Ecstasy, Amphethamines |
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Inhibitore neurotranmitter, can calm you down
30-40% Neurons in brain |
GABA
Red = stop |
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~50% neurons in brain
Excitatory neurotransmitter: joy, excitement |
Glutamate
Green = Go |
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Choose ALC or Coffee
Dec glutamate act. inc Gaba act |
Alc
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Choose ALC or Coffee
dec GABA release inc glutamate act |
Coffee
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PCP
Tranquilizers |
PCP: agel dust = inc glutamate act.
Tranquilizers: inc Gaba act |
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Chronic use of Alc & Gaba Receptor result in ...
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result in desentisation, adaptation of receptor for CL
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Why are addicted to coke r always looking for the first High exp.
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Because of Downregulation of receptors to coke
Not able to feel + reinforcement or pleasurable feelings of natural rewards (food, sex, water) |
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As a result to Cocaine action in the ..., there are inc ... leaving the ... to activate the ... system
... r natural endogenous opiods |
As a result to Cocaine action in the N acc there are inc impulses leaving the N acc to activate the reward system
Endorphins |
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Where r opiates receptors []?
what do opiates do? similar to... |
within the reward system (VTA)
inc Dopa @ VTA dec mu GABA = in dopa similar to marijuana (TCH) |
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THC sends an inc sidnal to release + ... located in ...
THC binds to which receptor... |
Dopa located in mesolimbic
cannabinoid receptor |
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During withdrawal, less dopa is released because of ...
D2 are dec in the... Therefore, more drugs r needed to get the same effect as ... |
because of decrease in D2 receptors
D2 are dec in the shell of the N acc. alientwhere natural reinfvorcers r no longer salient (only drugs) more drugs r needed to get the same effect as D2 receptors decline |
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State in which an organism no longer responds to a Rx
State in which an organism fnx normally only in the presence of a RX |
Tolerance, need Higher dose
Dependence, physical disturbance when Rx is removed |
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inc addictive potential of a Rx within seconds
but "High" fade within... |
Smoke or injected
seconds |
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T or F
a)addicted = dependence b)dependence = addicted |
a) T
b) F |
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what studies show that addiction is an heritable disorder?
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Twins, Adoption, Inbred rodent studies
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T or F
Alc can't skip generations |
F
it can skip |
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Complete
a)... million people of the Us ... b)... r alcoholics c) 4 out of 5 people d) genes play a role in transmission of addiction & ... is even more related by genes |
a) 100 million people of the Us have 1 alc drink daily
b) 14 million c) r not alc in drinking 1 drink/d d) multiple genes play a role in transmission of addiction & heroin is even more related by genes |
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a) type 2 alcoholism is related to ...
b) son o father is ... times riskier to become alcoholic than the general population |
a) men
b) 9x |
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Study of identical/fraternal twins shows that
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genetics count for 1/3
family 1/3 peers, coworkers, friends 1/3 |
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genes account for more than 1/2 of heroin addiction...
but biggest factor is... related to which disease? |
26% of addiction to psychedelics
biggest = non family environmental: 53% Coronary artery disease or obesity |
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some people abuse evry rx they can, others r..
...get addicted at the first time, but they become addicted at ... |
only addicted to one type of rx that affect only a specific part of the brain
Nobody, at the different rates |
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a)why do genes matter?
b)Now we can ... genes to control abuse |
a)understand environment factors
treatment interventions neurobiology of addiction & Rx abuse b) Knockouts |
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a) Cocaine induced paranoia:
b) Conduct disorder and alcoholism 5 HT1B receptor c) defect in ETOH/Aceltadehyde/acetate pathway have... d) Nicotine/cotinine (CYP2A6) |
a) Cocaine induced paranoia: Dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH)
b) Conduct disorder and alcoholism 5 HT1B receptor c) 5-10% less risk to be alcoholic d) appears to smoke fewer cigarettes |
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Neurotransmitters in alc
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Gaba, Glutamate, Dopa, NMDA, HT-5
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RX interaction with alc
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Benadryl: overdose, drowsiness/diziness
Valium:overdose, drowsiness/diziness Celebrex: liver prob, ulcers Prozac: more depression feeling in ado, overdose Tylenol: liver damage |
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Withdrawal
a) GABA agonist b) anticonvulsants c)dec oxidation of aldehyde, relapse d) dec risk at hazardous level, depend/opiods antagonists e) depend; inh GABA & NMDA recp f)Serotonergic meds |
a) benzodiazepines
b) Valproate, carbamazepine c)disulfiram d) Naltrexone e) Acamprosate f)Buspirone 5HT 1 A partial agonist, Ondansetron 5HT-3 rec anta |
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Withdrawal Rx
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benzodiazepines
anticonvulsants disulfiram Naltrexone |
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a) Buspirone, reduce what?
b) reduce intensity of drinking: |
a) For alc & Nicotine: reduce anxiety
b) Ondansetron |
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Tabacco
a)leaves has... b) when smoked & inha c) when chewd or snuff d) ave nic in blood of ave smoker e) ave cig has.. only... f) chew will deliver..., snuff will ... g) Nicotine has in tot: h) how many r toxins i) how many r carcinogens |
a) 2-5% nic
b) 5-8 sec c) 5-8 min d) 5-40 mcg e) 10 mg, only 1-3 mg reach lungs f) chew will deliver 4.5mg, snuff will 3.6 mg g) 4000 chemic h) 400 toxins i) 43 carcinogens |
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Explain MOA in nic
Ps with nicotine: |
Nic to Alpha 4 & Beta 2 nic rec in VTA inc dopa in N acc = pleasure
addict can stick to an optimum level where they constantly get the same high over long period of time without tolerance (not true for other drugs) |
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a) Psychotropic meds for nic
interactions b) can decrease sedation & drowsiness c) inc metab of d) Inc Cl by 44%, dec [] by 70% e) Release endogenous antagonist of... f) stoke, cardio adverse effect |
a) Bupropion, Varenicline (Chantix)
Interactions b) benzodiazepines c)caffeine d) haloperidol e) Insulin f) Oral contra |
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effective pain relief (therapeutic pain control) is measured by
principal site of metab wher can it be detected for several d Dr Use jugment by Codeine |
morphine, by rating pain
liver urine ASAM in 1997 extracted from morphine/ against severe cough and analgesics |
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is the most prescribed opioid
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Hydrocodone (Vicodin, Hycodan, Tussend, Norco)
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orally to control heroin addiction
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methadone, block with for 24-72hrs, is addicting
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moderate to severe pain, mix with coke and methamphetamines for speedball
stronger than codeine, weaker than morphine most powerful oipiods, use by analgesists T & blues, ago/anta with anti, heroin like high |
Hydromorphone
Oxycodone Fentanyl (Sublimaze), 50-100x morp Pentazocine (Talwin) |
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1/6 strenfgt of morphine, most abuse by med prof
detox for heroin addicts |
meperidine (demerol, pethidine, Mepergan)
Propoxyphene (Darvon, darvocet, propacet, wygesic) |
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without control
contain MPTP frozen addict |
designer heroin
100-20,000 x stron than heroin |
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treating heroin overdose
may be prescribed by pys at their own offices, opiod at low/anta at high |
Naloxone, natreloxone
Buprenorphine |
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white well educated female
r they prodrug longest t 1/2 high pot low pot: OT |
benzodiazepines
yes in liver clonazepam, shortest Trialo |
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benzo depend
cause pro date rape rx |
10-20 times normal dose for mo
protracted withd rohyphol, banned |
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Barbi controls mostly
withdra times date rape rx: green weenes |
seizures, anesthesia induction (v short)
12hrs-1 wk GHB, GBL in paint ethchlorvynol |
