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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The mental processes used to mentally manipulate knowledge and ideas are called:
a. perception b. cognition c. assimilation d. heuristics |
b. cognition
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When a child first understands the difference between “give” and “take,” he or she has made a gain in his or her understanding of:
a. phonology b. semantics c. morphology d. syntax |
semantics
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The sentence, “The bustling the surged subway through gates crowd,” would be difficult for an English speaker to understand because the structure violates the rules of English:
a. phonology b. morphology c. pragmatics d. syntax |
syntax
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The literal arrangement of words within a sentence provides the sentence’s:
a. deep structure b. surface structure c. transformational structure d. lexical structure |
surface structure
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In early studies of language acquisition in chimpanzees, researchers tried to teach chimps to speak. These studies were discontinued when researchers concluded that:
a. chimps lack the cognitive capacity to understand and produce language b. humans are the only species that is capable of conscious communication c. chimps mastered language more quickly than human children d. chimps lack the necessary vocal equipment to produce human speech sounds |
D
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With respect to spoken language, semantics refers to:
a. rules for combining sounds to make words b. rules for combining words to make sentences c. the practical knowledge used to comprehend and pronounce spoken language d. rules for communicating meaning |
D
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The underlying representation or meaning in a sentence provides the sentence’s
a. surface structure b. transformational structure c. deep structure d. lexical structure |
C
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The sentence, “Visiting relatives can be a nuisance,” can be interpreted in at least two very different ways. This sentence has:
a. one surface structure and at least two deep structures b. one deep structure and at least two surface structures c. two surface structures and at least two deep structures d. one deep structure and one surface structure |
A
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The word “dzisiejszym” would be recognized as a foreign word by an English speaker because the word structure violates the rules of English:
a. phonology b. syntax c. semantics d. pragmatics |
A
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Last year 5-year-old Razel would say, “No he going,” when she was explaining to her younger sister that the dog had to stay at home. Now, Razel will tell her sister, “He’s not going.” This example illustrates that Razel has made a gain in her use of:
a. syntax b. phonology c. semantics d. pragmatics |
A
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You are listening to 2-year-old Jerry as he says, “No eat. No like.” He is trying to let you know that he is not going to eat his broccoli because he doesn’t like it. Jerry’s communication illustrates the use of:
a. holophrases b. telegraphic speech c. pseudospeech d. overregularization |
B
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With respect to language, phonemes:
a. are the smallest units of language that carry meaning b. are the same as a language’s alphabet c. provide the underlying meaning in a spoken sentence d. are the smallest significant sound units in spoken language |
D
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Categories are:
a. groups of objects that provide the best exemplars of various concepts b. well defined groups of objects with no overlapping members c. lists of typical features that can be used to classify objects d. classes of objects that most people agree belong together |
D
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A child who uses “wented” as the past tense of the verb “to go”:
a. is still relying on holophrastic speech b. is using a general rule in an irregular case where it does not apply c. is probably less than 1 year old d. is using telegraphic speech to convey meaning |
B
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Dr. Waddell is treating a patient with a stroke. This patient seems to understand all the questions that Dr. Waddell is asking, but is having difficulty answering the questions. Prior to the stroke the patient had no trouble speaking. The patient’s right arm is paralyzed. The area that was most likely damaged would be:
a. Wernicke’s area in the right hemisphere b. Both hemispheres of the prefrontal cortex c. the reticular formation d. Broca’s area in the left hemisphere |
D
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In category hierarchies, the basic level for the category:
a. is the top level that includes the most category members b. is an intermediate level that generates the most useful and predictive information c. provides the most detail about a specific category member d. is the last level to be learned by children |
B
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An example of a well-defined problem would be:
a. understanding the meaning of life b. selecting the best college to attend c. finding the person who will be a good spouse d. getting a vase to your mother by her birthday |
D
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Step-by-step rules or procedures that guarantee a solution will be found for a problem are called:
a. algorithms b. heuristics c. homilies d. axioms |
A
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Dwight is convinced that the wheezing he has been experiencing for the past three months is a sign of cancer. He has been to four different doctors who have all told Dwight that his wheezing is due to allergies. However, Dwight refuses to take the antihistamines that have been prescribed because he is convinced that all these doctors are wrong. In this instance, Dwight is showing evidence of:
a. the framing effect b. functional fixedness c. a confirmation bias d. the availability heuristic |
C
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Problems that have unspecified goals, unclear starting points, or no effective means of evaluation are called:
a. heuristic problems b. impractical problems c. well-defined problems d. ill-defined problems |
D
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You expect a class will be hard if the instructor says 35% of the class will get Ds or Fs, but not if the instructor says 65% will get a C or higher. Your expectations illustrate the importance of:
a. the availability heuristic b. belief persistence c. mental set d. framing |
D
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Dallis is visiting Canada, and when she listens to the daily weather forecasts she has to figure out what the temperature will be in Fahrenheit, rather than Celsius. She doesn’t need to know exactly, she just needs a rough idea so she can dress appropriately. Rather than going through the complex conversion calculation she learned in school, she simply doubles the temperature that is reported, and adds 30. In this case, Dallis is using:
a. a heuristic to estimate the daily temperature b. an algorithm to estimate the daily temperature c. a homily to estimate the daily temperature d. an axiom to estimate the daily temperature |
A
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Corey was serving on a jury in a criminal case, and the jury reached a unanimous “not guilty” verdict. Several months later some additional evidence came to light that strongly suggested that the defendant was, in fact, guilty of the crime in question. Corey is still not convinced by the new evidence, and claims he wouldn’t have voted guilty, even if the new information had been presented during the trial. In this example, Corey is showing evidence of:
a. the framing effect b. the availability heuristic c. belief persistence d. memory reconstruction |
C
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Theresa spent an uncomfortable night on her first camp-out because she forgot to bring along a pillow. Even though she had a knapsack filled with several shirts, she didn’t think to use that as a substitute pillow. Theresa showed evidence of:
a. belief persistence b. functional fixedness c. the availability heuristic d. representativeness |
B
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Eliza is able to solve problems quickly in school. Even when she was in preschool, she seemed to be able to think through questions and answer them more quickly than her classmates. Eliza’s quick reasoning and problem-solving skills are probably evidence of her overall:
a. fluid intelligence b. crystallized intelligence c. practical intelligence d. creative intelligence |
A
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Wilma believed that her local senator was an honest, law-biding citizen. When he was indicted on charges of insider trading she told all her friends there had been a mistake and he would soon be cleared. Finally, the senator confessed to the crimes and served time in prison. Through all of this, Wilma kept insisting he had been framed and was taking the blame to protect someone else. In this example, Wilma shows strong evidence of:
a. the framing effect (this has nothing to do someone trying to plant evidence) b. the availability heuristic c. belief persistence d. memory reconstruction |
C
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When people use the representativeness heuristic to estimate probabilities for events, they base their estimates on:
a. the ease with which examples can be brought to mind b. the similarity between the event in question and their prototype c. the difference between the event in question and their starting estimate d. mathematical calculations of the expected value |
B
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Benjamin and Gertrude are excited because they have just bought a restaurant. The two partners know that the last seven restaurants that have been operated at that location have gone bankrupt within a year of opening, but Benjamin and Gertrude are certain their restaurant will be successful because they plan on working very hard. In this case, the two new business partners are apparently:
a. using the availability heuristic to guide their decision b. using anchoring and adjustment to guide their decision c. ignoring the impact that framing can have on decisions d. ignoring base rate information in making their decision |
D
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Cleo’s job requires a lot of airline travel, but she had never really worried about her safety until she read about three airline crashes within a two-week period. She decided that air travel was unsafe, and now she drives or takes the train whenever she has to travel on business. In this case, Cleo’s decision to avoid traveling by air may have been influenced by:
a. the framing effect b. functional fixedness c. the availability heuristic d.the representativeness heuristic |
C
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Alair recently completed the Conversational Appropriateness Scale (CAS). None of Alair’s friends were surprised to hear that he had attained a low score on the test because they know that he often interrupts ongoing conversations with remarks that are totally inappropriate. The fact that Alair’s test score appears to accurately reflect his actual conversational abilities suggests that the CAS:
a. is a reliable test of conversational skills b. is a valid test of conversational appropriateness c. can probably also be used to predict general social adjustment and self-esteem d. is properly standardized |
B
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in the psychometric approach to studying intelligence, the main focus is on:
a. neural transmission and processing speed b. performance on mental tests c. adaptation to the environment d. the interaction of mental ability, creativity, and adaptability |
B
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Daryl took the College Aptitude Test (CAT) when he was a junior in high school. He attained a very low score on the test and his high school counselor suggested that he look into other options. Daryl went to college anyway, and earned a place on the Dean’s List every semester. At his fifth year high school reunion former students had a chance to retake the CAT. Daryl again earned a very low score. Based on Daryl’s experience it would be fair to conclude that the CAT has:
a. low reliability, but high validity b. low reliability, and low validity c. high reliability, but low validity d. been poorly standardized |
C
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Dr. Marcos has had 35 students repeat her statistics class over the past five years. Each time, the grade the student attained the second time was nearly identical to the grade received the first time the course was attempted. This leads Dr. Marcos to conclude that her testing procedures in statistics:
a. provide valid measures of student ability b. provide reliable measures c. are well standardized d. are able to measure crystallized intelligence |
B
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Lara took the Test of English Accomplishment (TEA) and attained a relatively low score. Convinced that she had just had an “off” day, she took the test again, and attained almost exactly the same score. She was still convinced that she could do better and took the test a third time. She received an almost identical score the third time. Lara’s performance on the TEA suggests that the test:
a. provides a valid measure of English skills b. is highly reliable c. was adequately standardized d. probably lacks validity |
B
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Anita wanted to become a radio announcer and she signed up to take the Occupational Aptitude Test (OAT) in communication skills. Anita earned one of the top scores on the test, however she has not become a very good announcer. This suggests that the OAT:
a. is not a valid test of occupational aptitude b. is not a reliable test of occupational aptitude c. has been poorly standardized d. is valid, but is not reliable |
A
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The fact that the correlation in IQ scores between monozygotic twins reared together is higher than that between dizygotic twins reared together suggests:
a. environmental factors have no impact on intellectual development b. genetic factors have no impact on intellectual development c. monozygotic twins often do not have the same genotype d. genetic factors have an influence on intellectual development |
D
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Standardized tests are tests that:
a. produce similar scores from one administration to the next b. measure what they are designed to measure c. have testing, scoring and interpretation procedures that do not vary across different administrations of the test d. sample broadly across the domain of interest |
C
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Research shows that children identified as smart get more respect from teachers and are given more educational opportunities than other children. This difference in how they are treated is an example of:
a. stereotype threat b. the labeling effect c. the Flynn effect d. the Mozart effect |
B
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Women who are talented in math generally perform worse than men when taking a math test. This difference disappears when the women are told that gender is not related to performance on this particular test. This has been explained in terms of:
a. racial bias in test content b. the Flynn effect c. the heritability of intelligence d. stereotype threat |
D
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One of the criteria that may be used to classify an individual as gifted is:
a. a score higher than 130 on a standardized intelligence test b. a score higher than 100 on a standard intelligence test c. a score more than 1 standard deviation from the mean on a standardized intelligence test d. a mental age that exceeds chronological age by more than 3 years |
A
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For a diagnosis of mental retardation, a child must obtain an IQ score:
a. under 50 b. over 130 c. under 70 d. under 99 |
C
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Newly hatched turtles immediately begin to crawl to the sea. This unlearned characteristic behavior is an example of:
a. incentive motivation b. a drive c. an instinct d. homeostasis |
C
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Internal states that push an individual toward behaving in a certain way are called:
a. incentives b. drives c. instincts d. conditioned stimuli |
B
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Instincts refer to:
a. psychological states that arise in response to an internal physiological need b. unlearned, characteristic patterns of responding that are controlled by specific triggering stimuli c. complex psychological events that are often associated with the initiation and direction of behavior d. processes the body relies on to maintain its steady state of equilibrium |
B
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A lizard moves into the sunlight when its body temperature drops too low, and moves back into the shade when its body temperature gets too warm. This is best explained in terms of:
a. incentive motivation b. instinct c. set point d. homeostasis |
D
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Incentives refer to:
a. internal states that have the capacity to motivate goal-directed behaviors b. learned patterns of responding that occur reflexively in the presence of specific stimuli c. external factors that have the capacity to motivate goal-directed behaviors d. unlearned patterns of responding that are controlled by specific triggering stimuli |
C
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Homeostasis is:
a. the process through which the body maintains its steady state of equilibrium b. an internal drive for achievement and success c. a set of external factors that triggers a set of adaptive behaviors d. an unlearned pattern of responding that is triggered by specific environmental stimuli |
A
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Leo is hiking through the woods, mapping a new trail for the county government. He gets paid for every mile of trail that he maps. If it weren’t for the pay, Leo would never venture out into the woods. This is an example of:
a. intrinsic motivation b. extrinsic motivation c. self-actualization d. drive reduction |
B
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Ben is trying to solve a crossword puzzle in the local newspaper because he enjoys working through all the clues and coming up with the correct answers. This is an example of:
a. intrinsic motivation b. extrinsic motivation c. self-actualization d. incentive motivation |
A
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The order of human needs, from the most basic to the least basic needs, in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is:
a. physiological, love & belongingness, safety, self-actualization, esteem b. physiological, safety, love & belongingness, esteem, self-actualization c. physiological, safety, esteem, love & belongingness, self-actualization d. physiological, self-actualization, safety, love & belongingness, esteem |
B
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In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the needs that have the first priority are:
a. physiological needs b. safety needs c. self-actualization needs d. achievement needs |
A
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The hormone that causes blood glucose to be pumped into cells of the body is:
a. serotonin b. testosterone c. glycol d. insulin |
D
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People tend to show little variation in weight from year to year. This constant weight is referred to as the individual’s:
a. homeostatic weight b. set point c. ventromedial weight d. optimal weight |
B
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One of the internal factors that can signal hunger or satiation is:
a. sodium levels in the blood b. the amount of serotonin in the blood c. the amount of glucose in the blood d. the level of androgens in the blood |
C
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People with anorexia nervosa:
a. have an intense and irrational fear of losing weight b. have an intense and irrational fear of eating when other people are present c. show a binge and purge pattern of food consumption d. refuse to maintain a normal weight level |
D
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According to Masters and Johnson, the sequence for the four phases of human sexual arousal is:
a. excitement, orgasmic, plateau, resolution b. excitement, plateau, orgasmic, resolution c. plateau, excitement, resolution, orgasmic d. excitement, resolution, orgasmic, plateau |
B
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Mandy frequently eats a half-gallon of ice cream, two bags of cookies, a bucket of fried chicken, half a cake, and three bags of potato chips in one evening. Afraid of gaining weight, but unable to stop eating, she vomits and uses laxatives to get rid of the food. Mandy’s behavior is characteristic of:
a. a lateral hypothalamic lesion or tumor b. diabetes, an insufficiency of insulin c. anorexia nervosa d. bulimia nervosa |
D
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According to the evolutionary view, women are more likely than men to emphasize:
a. attractiveness as an important characteristic in a potential male partner b. financial status as an important characteristic in a potential male partner c. general education as an important characteristic in a potential male partner d. a sense of humor as an important characteristic in a potential male partner |
B
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A person who primarily seeks emotional-sexual relationships with members of the other sex is referred to as having:
a. a homosexual orientation b. a bisexual orientation c. an asexual orientation d. a heterosexual orientation |
D
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Testosterone and estrogen appear to affect sexual activity and desire:
a. more in humans than in other animals b. equally in both humans and animals c. more in males than in females d. more in animals than in humans |
D
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Emotions are complex psychological events that involve a mixture of:
a. a physiological response and some type of subjective experience b. a physiological response, an expressive reaction, and some type of subjective experience c. a physiological response and an expressive reaction d. an expressive reaction and some type of subjective experience |
B
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Masters and Johnson found that:
a. during the refractory period, men show heightened sensitivity and arousal to additional sexual stimulation b. the excitement phase lasts longer in men than in women c. the plateau phase lasts longer in women than in men d. subjectively, the experience of orgasm is quite similar for males and females |
D
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As part of a research study Alexi had to hold his mouth in a frown for approximately 15 minutes. As Alexi leaves the experiment he finds that he is feeling somewhat unhappy and upset, but he is not really sure why. This type of a reaction is consistent with:
a. the James-Lange theory of emotion b. the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion c. the two-factor theory of emotion d. the facial feedback hypothesis |
D
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The arousal that occurs when we experience emotions is part of:
a. the physiological response b. the expressive reaction c. the subjective experience d. the cognitive appraisal |
A
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Peter is about to give a speech in front of a roomful of strangers. As he steps up to the podium, he feels anxious and nervous. This reaction is part of the:
a. expressive reaction in Per’s emotional experience b. physiological response in Per’s emotional experience c. cognitive appraisal of Per’s emotional experience d. subjective experience of Per’s emotional experience |
D
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Based on cross-cultural research in which people from different cultural backgrounds are shown pictures of facial expressions and asked to identify the emotion that is being expressed, researchers have now concluded that:
a. people throughout the world use similar facial expressions to express emotions b. there are 10 basic emotions that humans can experiences c. emotional expressions are learned through observation d. people from different cultures use unique facial expressions to express emotions |
A
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The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that:
a. changing your facial expression can change the emotion that you are experiencing b. facial expressions are accurate indications of internal emotional states c. different internal states trigger unique facial expressions d. the facial expressions of others can affect our subjective emotional responses |
A
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Clyde takes an antihistamine, but he doesn’t realize that the medication will also increase his overall level of autonomic arousal. Thirty minutes after he has taken the medication, he is introduced to Roxanne. If Clyde incorrectly attributes his increased arousal as attraction for Roxanne, it would lend support to:
a. the two-factor theory of emotion b. the common sense view of emotions c. the James-Lange theory of emotion d. the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion |
A
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Chance was getting ready to take a midterm exam, and he took an antihistamine drug that has caused his physiological arousal level to decrease to a fairly low level. Based on what is known about the link between arousal and performance, you should predict that Chance:
a. will do slightly better on the exam because of the decrease in his level of arousal b. will not do any differently on the exam, even though his arousal level has decreased c. will have trouble concentrating on the exam, and may become frustrated or angry d. will do slightly worse on the exam because of the decrease in his level of arousal |
D
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Generally, when people refer to an object during a normal conversation they tend to use its basic-level category descriptor.
a. True b. False |
T
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With respect to language, semantics refers to the rules for combining words to make sentences.
a. True b. False |
F
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In problem solving, the AHA moment is a process by which a solution seems to “magically” pop into mind. However, because it is difficult to study, its causes are largely a mystery.
a. True b. False |
T
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Anorexia can be difficult to detect because sufferers are often of normal weight.
a. True b. False |
F
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If you have questions about experiments, you should e-mail the Dr. Tomusk.
a. True b. False |
F
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When tests are standardized, it means the testing, scoring, and interpretation procedures remain the same across different administrations of the test.
a. True b. False |
T
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It is possible that humans have multiple intelligences ranging from more traditional math and verbal skills to musical ability, mechanical ability or even athletic ability.
a. True b. False |
T
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Dr. Tomusk would rather that you look on your neighbor’s paper for a quiz answer than come to her office for help.
a. True b. False |
F
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The two factor theory, based on the experiments of Schachter and Singer, argues that the cognitive interpretation or appraisal of a body reaction drives the subjective experiment of emotion.
a. True b. False |
T
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As our arousal increases from moderate levels to high levels, our task performance typically improves.
a. True b. False |
F
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An instinct is an internal state that arises in response to a need, such as hunger or thirst.
a. True b. False |
F
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