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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The two (2) sources of variation in behavioral phenotypes?
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Genetic variation: heritability
Environmental variation: environmentiality |
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Heritability is calculated by...
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2*(MZ-DZ)
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Environmentability is calculated by...
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1 - heritability
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Heritability will be HIGH/LOW with HIGH/LOW environmental variation
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Heritability will be HIGH with LOW environmental variaton, and LOW with HIGH environmental variation
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MZ twins are SIMILAR via...
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*Genes
*Inter-uterine environment (some) *Age *Shared environment (home, family structure, rearing, economics, nutrition) |
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MZ twins are DIFFERENT via...
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Non-shared environment: separate friends, activities, independent exercises, etc.
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The big 5 personality traits are...
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1) Neuroticism
2) Extraversion 3) Openness 4) Agreeableness 5) Conscientiousness |
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A shared (i.e., common) environment usually consists of...
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*Home
*Family structure *Rearing *Economics *Nutrition |
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A non-shared environment usually consists of...
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*Separate friends
*Activities *Independent exercises *Etc. |
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The genetic, shared-environmental influence, and non-shared environmental influence on attitudes is...
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65% genetic
0% shared-environment 35% non-shared environment |
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The trend in genetic and non-shared environment on religiosity is that...
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Genetic influences INCREASE and shared envrionment influences DECREASE as one gets older
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Subjective Well Being (SWB) is positively correlated with
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Extroversion.
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Subjective Well Being (SWB) is negatively correlated with
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Neuroticism
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How are personality traits and Subjective Well Being (SWB) related?
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They remain stable over time and predict life satisfaction years later; predicts a "happiness set point"
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Heritability of the happiness set point is [HIGH/LOW]...
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Very high: 0.55 correlation for self 9 years later, 0.54 correlation for MZ twins 9 years later (0.05 for DZ twins).
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Lykken's "epicure of experience" concept says...
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That your happiness set-point is like a standing water-level, where you're a boat on a lake. If you have a low set-point, learn to "make waves!"
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The Three Laws of Behavior Genetics are...
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1) All human behavior has a heritable component
2) The effect of being raised in the same family is smaller than the effect of genes (but this does not mean that family is irrelevant: shared environmental opportunities lead to non-shared environmental opportunities) 3) A substantial part of the variance in complex human traits is not accounted for by effects of genes or families |
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US/UR/CS/CR? (Definitions and effects.)
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US: Unconditioned Stimulus
CS: Conditioned Stimulus UR: Unconditioned Response CR: Conditioned Response US --> UR CS (then) US --> UR CS --> CR |
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What did Pavlov do with his dogs?
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Sound a tone to make them salivate (started when they salivated at the sound of him coming to bring them the food).
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What is classical extinction?
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NEW LEARNING where the animal learns that CS does not lead to US
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What is spontaneous recovery?
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When CR sometimes returns spontaneously if not retested for a while, but will re-disappear more quickly
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What is higher-order conditioning?
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CS1 --> CR1
CS2 (then) CS1 --> CR1 CS2 --> CR2 |
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What were the "puzzle-box" experiments, and who did them?
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E.L. Thorndike had the cat try to figure out how to get out of the box.
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Thorndike's Law of Effect
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Responses followed by pleasurable outcomes will be strengthened. The more pleasurable the outcome, the greater the strengthening.
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What was radical behaviorism, and who was responsible for it?
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B.F. Skinner's radical behaviorism was "black-box" behaviorism.
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What is Functional Analysis?
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Functional analysis only looks at antecedents and consequences.
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What is Operant Conditioning, and what are other names for it?
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Operant, Respondent, Instrumental, Skinnerian conditioning:
The modification of an organism’s behavior over time by the consequences produced by that behavior |
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What are reinforcement and punishment?
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Reinforcement increases a behavior; punishment decreases a behavior.
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What is operant extinction?
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A response being maintained by reinforcement will weaken over time if there’s no more reinforcement.
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What are the different reinforcement schedules, and what are their resistances to extinction?
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Continuous reinforcement has faster learning
Partial / intermittent reinforcement is more resistant to extinction |
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What types of partial/intermittent reinforcement are there?
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*Fixed-ratio
*Variable-ratio *Fixed-interval *Variable-interval |
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What is a phobia?
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Exaggerated, persistent, irrational fear of an object/situation/etc which leads to behavior designed to escape/avoid object or situation
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Name five common types of phobias:
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1. Public speaking (& other social situations)
2. Snakes! Spiders! Insects! Mice! Small animals! 3. Storms! Heights! Large bodies of water! 4. Environmental/situational – Small enclosed spaces. Vast expanses, bridges, tunnels, flying 5. Blood, injury, injections |
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What is the two-factor theory of phobia?
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Classical conditioning forms the phobia, while operant conditioning forms the escape/avoidance
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What are three caveats of the two-factor theory of phobia?
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* Evidence of traumatic conditioning rarely found in histories of people w/various phobias (e.g., fear of spiders)
* Many traumatic associations produce no conditioning! * Conditioned fears easy to produce in lab, but generally weak, easily extinguished, and subject to conscious control (in contrast, phobias exist) |
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What are three modifications made to the two-factor theory of phobia?
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1) Vicarious conditioning
2) Informational acquisition 3) Latent inhibition |
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What is vicarious conditioning?
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Conditioning through observation
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What is informational acquisition?
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"mom's worried, so I should be worried, too"
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What is latent inhibition?
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Immunization; e.g., very used to dogs, one bad dog who snarls at you might not effect your already positive viewpoint
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What is preparedness theory?
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The theory that some fears are biological/evolutionary.
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Why did preparedness theory come about?
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To answer the question, "why are phobias largely restricted to a select group of stimuli?"
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Briefly describe Arne Öhman’s Differential Electrodermal Conditioning Paradigm. (Procedure and results.)
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Prepared vs. unprepared stimuli.
Acquisition wasn't any better, but extinction was slower for prepared stimuli. |
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In Arne Öhman’s Differential Electrodermal Conditioning Paradigm, what was a CS+ and what was a CS-?
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CS+ was shocked; CS- wasn't.
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What is backward masking, and what's its significance?
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Showing spider really quickly, then showing mask: study showed easier acquisition to prepared thing behnid mask than unprepared thing (when coupled with a shock).
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What is an example of non-conscious conditoning?
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Backwards masking.
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Briefly describe Cook & Mineka's 1989 study w/monkeys.
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Monkeys grown in lab acquired fear of snakes/toy snakes/crocs, but not of flowers/bunnies!
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What was Hans Eysenck's attatck on psychotherapy?
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Looked through insurance records, found no evidence that psychotherapy had a success rate any better than lack of treatment.
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What is spontaneous remission?
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Disappearance of a problem without treatment.
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What are the three assignment categories of psychotherapy outcome research?
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Randomly assigned to a particular group (therapy, wait-list, placebo)
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What are the four forms of evaluation for psychotherapy research?
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Self-report
Therapist ratings Physiological measures Observational measures |
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What is a wait-list control group?
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The control tested for no therapy, being told they'll receive some soon.
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Describe Gordon L. Paul's 1966 insight v. desensitization study (procedures).
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Tested insight, systematic desensitization, placebo, and waitlist.
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Describe Gordon L. Paul's 1966 insight v. desensitization study (results).
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Systematic desensitization was always better than placebo and insight, which were always similar.
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What did Gene V. Glass come up with?
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Meta-analysis.
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What's the concept of meta-analysis?
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CONCEPT:
Put all the measures of improvement on the same metric by expressing them in Standard Deviations of the control group! |
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What's the equation for meta-analysis?
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EQUATION:
[Mtreated – Mcontrol] / [SDcontrol] = d (effect size) |
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What's a "box-score literature review?"
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This is where you choose which studies to count based on your own, biased definition of "scientific rigor," et cetera.
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What does the "effect size" ( = d ) for meta-analysis represent?
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The weighted average of treatment effects in units of standard deviation
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What were the findings of Smith & Glass's 1977 & 1980 meta-analyses?
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1977: d = 0.68
1980: d = 0.85 |
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What is the Dodo Bird's verdict?
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All psychotherapies are equally effective as they all share common factors: "Everybody has won, and all must have prizes!"
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How did Wampold's 1997 study address the Dodo Bird's Verdict?
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Only reviewed studies that compared two or more bona fide treatments
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What did Wampold's 1997 study find?
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That the Dodo Bird was right; effect size between directly-compared therapies was 0.00 - 0.21
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What are Jerome Frank's four "common factors in healing traditions"?
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* Emotionally charged, confiding relationship
* Healing setting * Rationale, conceptual scheme, or myth that's a plausible explanation for a sufferer's problem * Ritual that both parties are actively involved in and that both believe will help the patient |
