P1- Pharmacodynamics Exam 2

Front 1

Passage of drug through cell layers into the general circulation

Back 1

Absorption

Front 2

Passage of drug from blood through capillary tubes into extracellular fluid, cells and tissue

Back 2

Distribution

Front 3

Passage of drugs into heptatic tissues

Back 3

Metabolism

Front 4

Passage of drug through nephron units in kidney for removal from the body

Back 4

Excretion

Front 5

determines kinetic properties of drug

Back 5

polarity

Front 6

Passage of drug driven by concentration gradient (high to low) Spontaneous and bidirectional. Not saturable and cannot by inhibited

Back 6

Aqueous (Passive) Diffusion

Front 7

Passage of drug that requires carrier protein. Can be saturated; Driven by conc. gradient (high to Low) Can be inihibited

Back 7

Facilitated Diffusion

Front 8

Passage of drug by specific carrier protein. Can be saturated. move drugs against conc. gradient; requires ATP

Back 8

Active Transport

Front 9

Substance is engulfed by the cell membrane and carried into the cell or out of the cell; energy dependent and saturable

Back 9

Endocytosis/ Exocytosis

Front 10

most absorption in the gut occurs in the

Back 10

proximal duodenum
(200 m2)

Front 11

Prevents dissolution in the acidic gastric contents

Back 11

enteric coating

Front 12

product that contain the same active ingredients are identical in strength or concentration, dosage form and route of administration

Back 12

pharmaceutical equivalents

Front 13

products that are pharmaceutical equivalents when the rate and extent of bioavailability of the active ingredient in the two products are not significantly different under suitable test conditions

Back 13

Bioquivalents

Front 14

Albumin
vs
alpha1-acid glycoprotein

Back 14

acid drugs bind to it

basic drugs bind to it

Front 15

increased amount of alpha 1 acidic glycoprotein

Back 15

Crohn's Disease

Front 16

Patterns of Distribution

Back 16

1. drugs largely within the vascular system
2. Drug uniformly distributeed throughout the body water
3. Drug concentration in one or more tissues
4. combination of 1, 2, 3

Front 17

Fetal plasma is ________ than the mother's

Back 17

more acidic

Front 18

foreign substance that enters the body

Back 18

xenobiotics

Front 19

Routes with no 1st pass effect

Back 19

sublingual or buccal route or parenterally

Front 20

Phase I

Phase II

Back 20

oxidative, reductive, hydrolytic

glucuronic, sulfonate, glycine conj. methylation

Front 21

P450 responsible for metabolizing more than 50% of clinically prescribed drugs metabolized in the liver

Back 21

CYP3A4

Front 22

activity increased in smokers

Back 22

CYP1A2

Front 23

absent in 12-20% of Asians and 2-5% whites

Back 23

CYP2C19

Front 24

absent in 7% of whites

Back 24

CYP2d6

Front 25

Activity increased by alcohol

Back 25

CYP2E1

Front 26

inhibits CYP3A4

Back 26

grapefruit juice (narangenin)
ketoconazole
diltiazem
erythromycin

Front 27

Induces CYP3A4

Back 27

carbamazepine and rifampicin

Front 28

normal glomerular filtration rate

Back 28

110-130 ml/min (180 L/day)

Front 29

responsible for resorption of water and secretion of weak electrolytes

Back 29

proximal tubule

Front 30

responsible for reabsorption of lipid soluble drugs

Back 30

distal tubule

Front 31

acidic urine

alkaline urine

Back 31

weak acids reabsorbed

weak bases reabsorbed

Front 32

Enteric circulation

Back 32

high molecular weight conjugates are subject to enzymatic cleavage of the conjugate bond by intestinal flora... returns to parent drug form and effect is prolonged

Front 33

rate is proportionate to amount of drugs present in the body; a constance fraction of drug int he body is eliminated per unit of time

Back 33

First order kinetics

Front 34

rate is constant and fixed; rate of drug entering body is independent of dose or amount of drug present

Back 34

Zero order kinetics

Front 35

Rate is proportionate to the amount present at low therapeutic concentrations, then shifts to constant rate independent of dose at higher therapeutic concentrations as degradative enzymes are saturated

Back 35

mixed order kinetics

Front 36

absolute amount of drug eliminated is constant; half life is not constant

Back 36

zero order kinetics

Front 37

fraction of drug eliminated is constant; half life is constant

Back 37

first order kinetics

Front 38

relates amount of drug in body to the concentration of the drug in the blood or plasma

Back 38

volume of distribution

high if highly lipid soluble
low if lipid insoluble

Front 39

amount of drug in body/ C of drug in plasma

Back 39

Vd

Front 40

ratio of the rate of elimination of a drug by all routes to the concentration of the drug in a biological fluid

Back 40

Clearance

rate of elimination/ concentration of drug in plasma

Front 41

0.693 (Vd)/CL

Back 41

Half life

Front 42

half lives required to reach steady state or eliminate drug that follows first order kinetics

Back 42

4-5 half lives

Front 43

variable half life indicates

Back 43

saturation of first order elimination mechanisms

Front 44

dose equal to the rate of elimination at steady state

Back 44

maintenance dose

Dosing rate= CL * desired plasma C

Front 45

dose of drug sufficient to produce a plasma concentration of drug that would fall within the therapeutic window after only one or very few doeses over a very short interval

Back 45

loading dose

= VdX desired plasma C