P1 Exam 3 Biochem

Front 1

Pellagra is? what are the 4D's of it?

Back 1

'raw skin'
low NIACIN
dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, death

Front 2

fat soluble vitamins are?

Back 2

Vit D
A,
K,
E

Front 3

how are fat solubles different from water? vitamins

Back 3

fat ones can be toxic
they can be stored
structure?

Front 4

2 paths with thiamin cofactor

Back 4

citric acid cycle
pentose phosphate path

Front 5

Beriberi
Vitamers
scurvy
Barlows disease

Back 5

B-> primary deficiency thiamine, Dry(nervous) and Wet(cardiac)
V-> structurally related forms
S-> vit C def. in adults
B->vit C def. in infants causing retarded bone formation

Front 6

nyctalopia
xerophthalmia
kwashiorkor
marasmus

Back 6

N->night blindness (no Vit A)
X-> dry eye (Vit A)
K->malnutrition overall, lack of proteins?
M-> same shit earlier signs ?

Front 7

complete protein
glycemic index

Back 7

CP- contain diff kinds and amounts of AA's required
GI- blood glucose response food / glucose response glucose x 100%

Front 8

Niacin role?
AA precursor
vits. req for conversion?

Back 8

active site NAD(P) aka redox
trp
pyridoxal and riboflavin

Front 9

2 enzymes that req riboflavin cofactor

Back 9

Succinic dh,
monoamine oxidase,
glutathione reductase

Front 10

2 biochem roles pantothenate

Back 10

oxidation of acetate and fatties
also synthesis of fatties and steriods, AcH and porphyrins

Front 11

what class of rxns is biotin (B7) cofactor

Back 11

carboxylation rxns

Front 12

Avidin is? naturally found?

Back 12

shit that messes with biotin
found in egg whites

Front 13

common sign folate def.

Back 13

huge RBC's also called
megablastic anemia

Front 14

biochem role of folate?

Back 14

carrier of one carbon fragments,
syn purines, thymidine, methionine
metab serine, histadine

Front 15

b12 names? and secondary def. causes

Back 15

cobalamin, cyanocobalamin

Pernicious anemia-cant absorb
problems with proteins that metab. it in genes(theres 7)
and N2O analgesia
possibly high intake vit C

Front 16

bio roles B6 and C

Back 16

carry carbons during transamination and decarboxylation (for AA metab)
C-> synthesis collagen and amidation of neuropeptides

Front 17

4 processes w/ vit A? major source synthesized by plants is?

Back 17

create rhodopsin
differentiate epithelial cells
mature cartilage to bone
reproductive sys maturation

B-carotene!!!

Front 18

chemical name for vit E?

Back 18

3.4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-69, 205, 752 (5-Craigs the bomb-7)

kidding->> alpha-tocopherol

Front 19

bio role vit K? relation to calcium?

Back 19

cofactor for makin clotting factors
osteocalcin

tends to bind Ca in GLA nuetralizing charges and creating hydrophobicness

Front 20

why vit D not really vitamin? how 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol syn. in body?

Back 20

cuz can be made by sunlight in the skin

Front 21

normal plasma Ca range? CUT

Back 21

8.9-10.1 g/dL
where she talked about this i have no fuckin clue, thats from schriers

Front 22

plasma calcium controled how

Back 22

PTH-> decrease excretion
form vit D--> GI - increase absorb
bone-> release more

Front 23

other major mineral controled with calcium? CUT

Back 23

is phosphate a mineral? CUT

Front 24

biochemical roles of Mg2+?

Back 24

i dont see shit about this... wait no minerals fuck im dumb

Front 25

Harris Benedict equation yields? variables are?

Back 25

your ideal caloric intake
mine is 2326 isnt that awesome!
height, weight, age, and gender

Front 26

joules to calories?

Back 26

1 calorie = 4.2 joules

Front 27

dietary fiber roles?

Back 27

provide bulk, speed intestinal transit, prevent constipation

nourish gut mucosa

Front 28

recommended proportions of carbs protein and fat

Back 28

C 45-65
F 20-35
P 10-35

Front 29

what effects dietary fats on plasma cholesterol?

Back 29

make it go up?

Front 30

major differences in purine, pyr. syn.? what common molecule?

Back 30

purine->ring built on PRPP
pyr.->ring built separate PRPP

PRPP durrrr

Front 31

molecule formed by purine syn. path? enzyme that catalyses first ring addiation? what donates part?

Back 31

IMP formed

glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase
glutamine

Front 32

steps to syn. IMP from PRPP?

Back 32

11 to end
like 2 less for IMP so 9

Front 33

carrier used in 2 steps to add to ring? what vit. it come from? donates what?

Back 33

THF from folate and donates protons

Front 34

path most inhibited by sulfa drugs?

Back 34

prokary. purine syn.

Front 35

enzyme to turn folate to useful form? what enzyme do?

Back 35

dihydrofolate reductase
prolly reduces by adding protons

Front 36

how cancer cells resist mexotrexate?

Back 36

increase amount of DHFR
therefore lowering affinity of meth.

Front 37

what enzyme can be regulated forming IMP from PRPP? what are effectors

Back 37

Glutamine-PRPP-amidotransferase
-ve AMP, GMP, IMP
+ve PRPP
wow

Front 38

nukes formed from IMP?

Back 38

AMP, GMP

Front 39

Adenylosuccinate synthetase inhibited by? IMP deHase inhibited by?

Back 39

AS->AMP
I->GMP

Front 40

difference in inhibition by thio IMP on:
-G-PRPP- amidotransferase
-AS and IMP deHase
inhibition Fdump have on thymidlate synthase

Back 40

allosteric on transferase
compeditive inhibition on others
Fdump- suicide inhibitor
Fdump-flourodeoxyurmonophosphate

Front 41

base attached to IMP?

Back 41

hypoxanthine

Front 42

what are HGPRT and APRT? what disease can you get with HGPRT prob?

Back 42

they are the salvage path for purines
PRPP+hypoxanthine-> IMP
PRPP+guanosine-> GMP
APRT does AMP i think

disease is Lesch Nyhan Syndrome:
-retarded, neurological diseorder

Front 43

how many steps to produce UMP from glutamine and PRPP in humans?

Back 43

6 steps

Front 44

what enzyme low levels in lab bacteria? why

Back 44

Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase
so we dont die but they do

Front 45

molecule formed from pry. syn. path?

Back 45

UMP produced

Front 46

sources of carbon and nitrogen in pyr. ring?

Back 46

right side is aspartate
left N is glutamine
bottom C is CO2/HCO3-

Front 47

how pyrimidine path like salvage path?
why useful?

Back 47

just add the whole shit onto the ring none of this building on the ring crap
takes less energy

Front 48

if no salvage paths would 6-mercaptopurine be effective? 5-flourouracil?

Back 48

thinkin big fat negative cuz they work on the salvage path

Front 49

what do nucleotide kinases do?

Back 49

move phosphates around

Front 50

what enzyme convert ribonukes to deoxyribonukes? reducer? # phosphates before conversion?

Back 50

Ribonucleotide reductase
NADPH
2

Front 51

enzyme defective in most patients with SCID? 2 enzymes of purine degration that may be defetive? which more common?

Back 51

receptor problems is most common
two enzymes are
adenosine deaminase-most common
PNP- purine nucleotide phosphorlase

Front 52

common therapy for scid in regard to purine malfunction? other therapy?

Back 52

most common overall is bonemarrow transplant

for purine def. in ADA can use enzyme replacement therapy by attaching PEG to ADA stabilizing it
however this is useless if you have interluekin receptor problems

Front 53

in regards to gene therapy what was scid?

Back 53

1st gene therapy with cure as goal
fixed the ADA
can also cure the interluekin receptor defeect with gene therapy

Front 54

nitrogenous product of purine degradation excreted? converted from? by?

Back 54

Uric acid
from Xanthine
by Xanthine oxidase

Front 55

gout is? underlying causes? symptoms?

Back 55

problem w/ purine path
high uric acid
cause kidney damage

Front 56

what do allopurinol and rasburicase do? why is rasb superior? drawbacks?

Back 56

A- inhibit xanthine oxidase aka build up of hypoxanthine
R- degrade uric acid, expensive

Front 57

what do degration of cytosine, uracil, thymine have in common? other product from cytosine degrad.? uracil? thymine?

Back 57

CO2 and NH4+

UMP and CMP -> B-alanine

TMP -> B-aminoisobutyre

Front 58

Cushing symdrome has tumors that do not typically invade other tissues, can it be characterized as cancer?

Back 58

no cancers thing is that it metastisizes

Front 59

what can be involved in genesis of cancer? what is always involved?

Back 59

inherited genes,
gene defects->always
environmental factors

Front 60

List of genes we talked about and if they are cell cycle control or growth signal transduction genes

Back 60

Rb-> cell control
p53-> CCC
Platelet derived growth factor-> Growth signal
Ras-> grow sig.
Her1-> grow sig.
Her2-> grow sig.

Front 61

list gene types and what they are/do
know them

Back 61

Proto-oncogene:
Ras, stim. cell growth

Oncogene:
mutant Ras, cell growth defective

Antioncogene:
tumor suppressor genes

Front 62

What does semiconservative replication mean?

Back 62

each new strand has half old half new DNA

Front 63

all DNA polymerases do?

Back 63

complementary base pairing
5'-3' growth
anti parallel
need primer

Front 64

functino DNA poly I
what is Klenow fragment?

Back 64

removes mismatched bases

large subunit of Poly I with thumb

Front 65

DNA poly III func?

Back 65

chief replicator

Front 66

function topoisomerase? helicase?

Back 66

relieves stress

unwind DNA

Front 67

which strand lead and which lagging?

Back 67

one with Okazaki lags

Front 68

RNA used in DNA rep how? Okazaki fragments are

Back 68

as RNA primers on lagging strand
the fragments are parts of DNA on lagging strand

Front 69

where E coli rep. start? stop?

Back 69

oriC site

Tau or Ter site

Front 70

processes DNA poly I and III can do

Back 70

wait for it**************

Front 71

where is DNA in eukaryotes? how packaged?

Back 71

nucleus and mitochondria
wrapped around histone

Front 72

diff. tween prokaryotic and eukaroytic repllciation?

Back 72

eukary-slower, not continous, longer, autonomous replicating sequences

Front 73

which DNA poly lead strand which lagging strand in eukaryotes?

Back 73

leading is Delta
laggin is aplha

Front 74

what proteins are in nucleosomes? why bind DNA?

Back 74

histones, H2A, H2B, H3, H4

they have +ve charge
DNA has -ve so bind

Front 75

what is PCNA what it do?

Back 75

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (aka cylcin)
it stim. DNA poly delta

Front 76

what is arrangement of nucleosomes after DNA replication? how affect replication?

Back 76

coopertive, aka new ones on one strand old ones on another

slow replication down prolly making the okasizis so short

Front 77

Model used in mito. of replication?

Back 77

displacement loop

Front 78

part of gene transcription factors bind to?

Back 78

promoter region

Front 79

conserved sequences are?
consensus seq. are?
puropose

Back 79

nuke sequence that is similar to others in same region
the nuke sequence that is most often seen, combo of conserved
prupose to make shit easy

Front 80

can human disease result from promoter region mutation? why?

Back 80

yes like B- thalasemia
frameshift f's up erthing

Front 81

3 ways DNA and RNA syn alike?

Back 81

5'-3'
big complex
complementary base pairing
phosphodiester bonds

Front 82

DNA abnormality that cuases fragile X syndrome? effect? why reproductive cloning not work out?

Back 82

X-> triplet nucleotide repeat
CGGCGGCGG
too many triplets, lots of methylation

RC-> adult DNA meth differnt than infant

Front 83

rifampicin does? alpha-amanitin? which antibiotic which poisin?

Back 83

rifampicin -> transcription inhibitor antibiotic, only prokaryotes affected

Alpha-amanitin-> inhibit RNA poly II, effects everythin, really deady, in mushrooms

Front 84

first step of RNA processing is?

Back 84

Capping

Front 85

diseases as result of long poly-dT DNA that encode A tail of mRNAs

Back 85

none those are req. for greatness and prevent degredation

Front 86

can human disease result from mutation of intron? why?

Back 86

yes cuz promoter region is is part of intron and
frameshift mutation in intron f's every1

Front 87

how tRNA break the code? what at its ends?

Back 87

binds to anticodons and gets peptides rollin in correctly
3' end has CCA tail?

Front 88

activation of tRNA? enzymme links AA to it? antibiotic that stops this?

Back 88

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

inhibited by bactroban

Front 89

silent
missense
nonsense
frameshift mutations?

Back 89

no change AA
diff. AA
stop codon put in
shift on the line cuz lost nuke

Front 90

subunits in ribosome? names? pro and eukarote and mito, similarities?

Back 90

2 subunits, large and small
E- 80S 40S + 60S
P- 70S 30S + 50S
mito just like prokaryote

Front 91

nucleotide directly consumed in translation

Back 91

GMP i think

Front 92

three repeated steps of translation?

Back 92

binding
bonding
translocation

Front 93

chloraphenicol
erthromysin
gentamycin
tetracycline
ricin

Back 93

C- inhibit bonding, bind L ribosome
E- inhibit tranlocation
G- interfere mRNA
T- inhibit binding
R- cut rRNA

Front 94

why gentamicin affect hearing wlaking renal fucntion?

Back 94

can complex with Fe and cause oxidative damage

Front 95

tetracycline inhibits 30S and 40S subunits so how used in animals?

Back 95

doesnt get let into cell

Front 96

why large amount of antibiotic use in past bad now?

Back 96

bacteria develope resistance and will one day kill us all

Front 97

what are sum mechs of antibiotic resistance? how passed on?

Back 97

alter binding site
efflux pumps
degrade drug

passed on in plasmid (little circle DNA)

Front 98

class antibiotics Ketek belongs? why can aviod resistance?

Back 98

can bind to 2 sites on ribosome, inhibit binding

Front 99

class antibiotics is Zyvox? why it special

Back 99

translational inhibitor,
binds to totally different site than other antiobiotics
its a oxilaidione drug class

Front 100

antibiotic augmentin? how avoid resistance?

Back 100

its a combo drug with
omoxicillin-> kills cell wall
and
clavilimic acid->stop omoxicillin breakdown

Front 101

protein does diphteria toxin mod?

Back 101

mod translocation enzyme
eEF2 enzyme
adds ADP ribosil inactivating