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206 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What compound is source of all carbons in cholesterol?
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Acetyl CoA
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Cholesterol is the precursor for what 4 major types of compounds?
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bile acids, Vit. D, Corticosteriods, sex hormones
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What are five stages in cholesterol biosynthesis that we discussed and their products?
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Mevalonate Synthesis-->AcetylCoA's to Mevalonate (Rate limiting step)
Isoprenoid Synthesis--> Mevalonate to Isopentenyl-pyrophosphate Squalene Synthesis--> Isopentenyl-pyrophosphate to Squalene Lanosterol Synthesis--> Squalene-->lanosterol Synthesis of Cholesterol from Lanosterol AM I Seeing Lesbian Chicks |
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What are the substrate, enzyme, and product of the rate limiting step in cholesterol syn?
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HMG-CoA, 2 NADPH, 2 H+ -----HMG-CoA Reductase---> Mevalonate + 2 NADP+ + CoASH
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Different means that control cholesterol naturally?
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Genetically--> HMGR gene
bi-cyclic control mechanism: insulin, cholesterol, glucagon, cholesterol HMGR degradation: cholesterol interacts with a hydrophobic domain of HMGR in the ER membrane. This accelerates degradation of HMGR |
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Dietary sources of cholesterol? How does our body get rid of it?
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Body gets rid of it in feces, get it from meat, fish dairy and poutry, biosynthesis 2/3 tho
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What are bile salts and their use? What is route of circulation for their reabsorption?
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Solubilize fats in GI, reuptake by portal vein
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2 ways pharmaceutical intervention lower patient cholesterol?
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prevent bile salt reuptake by adding non-digestible polymers into GI, also
rate limiting step with HMG-CoA reductase is inhibited by drugs |
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Types of compounds supply precursors of eicosanoids? Where found?
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Glycerophospholipids in plasma membrane provide major source
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What enzyme cleaves fatty acid off starting material? What kinds of compounds activate this enzyme? what inhibits it?
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phospholipase A2, activated by angiotensin, bradykinin, epinephrine, thrombin, inhibited by anti-inflam corticosteriods through induction of inhibitor lipocortin
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What are general types of eicosanoids, how did their names arise?
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Prostaglandins-->originally thought come from prostate
Thromboxanes-->first isolated from platelets Leukotrienes--> leukocytes and discovered slow reacting substance of anaphlaxis |
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What enzyme paths are used in biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes?
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Cyclooxygenase--> prostatglandin or thromboxane
Lipoxygenase--> leukotriene |
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What compounds inhibit cyclooxygenases?
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aspirin and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
COX-2 inhibited by Celebrex COX-3 inhibited by acetaminophen |
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What are some of the effects that prostaglandins can have?
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-stim. smooth muscle
-reg. steroid syn. -inhibit gastric secretion -inhibit hormone sensitive tissues -inhibit platelet aggregation -reg. nerve transmissions -sensitize to pain -mediate inflammatory response |
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What effects do thromboxanes have?
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vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation
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Where leukotrienes found?
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leukocytes, mast cells, vascular tissue, platelets and macrophages
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How leukotrienes synthesized
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from lipoxygenase path from arachidonate or linolenate
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What are slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis?
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3 members are leukotrienes, Leukotriene C4, Leukotriene D4 and E4
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What biological effects do leukotrienes have?
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Contraction of SM in pulmonary airway
-alternation in permeability of microvasculature, fluids leak into tissues -D4 potent in muscle |
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How are leukotrienes degraded?
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degraded in extracellular matrix by myeloperoxidase reaction
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Name three types of sphingolipids and describe
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Sphingomyelin--> no glycerol, important membrane component in N.S.
Ceramide-->2nd messenger, all formed from Globoside--> |
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What compounds are the precursors for shingosine?
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serine and palmitoyl CoA
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How ceramide formed?
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AcetylCoA and Sphingosine with acyl CoA transferase
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How sphingomyelin synthesized?
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2 routes from ceramide, both phosphocholine transfered to shingosine terminal hydroxyl, most likely more from Phosphatidyl Choline
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What are four types of glycophingolipids?
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Cerebrosides-->ceramide monosaccharides
Sulfatides-->negative, ceramide monosaccharides Globocides-->neutral cerebroside oligosaccharide Gangliosides--> acidic ceramide with N-acetyl neurainic acid (sialic acid) |
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How are cerebrosides synthesized?
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reaction of either EDP-galactose or UDP-glucose with ceramide to make ether linkage
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What is PAPS and what is it used for?
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makes sulfatides, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5' phosphosulfate
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What defect exists in Gauchers disease?
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problem with Glucocerebrosidase (GM2 to GM3)
What defect exists in Tay-Sachs disease? problem with Hexosaminidase A (glucocerebroside to ceramide) |
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What are the general structural features of gangliosides?
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have NANA (N-acetyl neuraminic acids) on sugar chain
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advantage of glycogen breakdown by phosphorolysis compared to hydrolysis?
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no ATP used and rxn goes forward by itself cuz pyrophophate to 2Pi so fast
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significance of glycogenolysis in liver vs. muscle?
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muscle has no glucose-6-phosphatase so keep what is made
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how G-1-P converted to G-6-P?
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phosphoglucomutase, whole 2 phos thing
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phosphorylated reg. of enzymes?
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phosphorlation activates or decactivates (glycogen synthase)
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2 hormones involved in triggering glycogenolysis?
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glucagon-->liver, increase breakdown
epinephrine--> mostly in muscle, same |
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mech off PKA activation?
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cAMP comes in and bind the 2 r subunits off and leaves the 2 C units to be catalytic
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glycogenolysis cascade, and kinase?
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PKA phos-->phopholase kinase which phos--> phosphorylase b into a.
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role of calcium in glyconeolysis?
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binding of Ca++ to PK puts it in overdrive and increase breakdown as well as contracts muscle giving ATP and movement
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activation of alpha-adrenergic receptors?
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epinephrine binds, activate PLC, hydrolizes PIP2 --> PI3 and DAG
DAG binds PKC inhibit synthesis PI3 releases Ca++ |
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role of PPI-1 ?
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inhibit PP1 turning off synthesis
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fight or flight response in glycogen metab.?
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increase, alpha adrenergic aka breakdown
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role of AMP and Ca++?
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cAMP activate PKA and Ca activate phosphorlase kinase and msucle contraction
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how UDP-glucose formed?
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G-1-P and UTP --> UDP glucose and PPi
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how alpha 1-6 bonds formed?
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alpha (1-4)alpha (1-6) glucan transferase aka. branching enzyme
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glycogenin is?
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primer for the production of glucagen
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3 major allosteric effectors on synthesis
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phosphoralation (G-6-P) then works on it positively,
PKA down, alpha adrenergic down , PP-1 up |
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describe role of glucose-6-phosphatase in glycogen metab.?
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takes G-6-P and makes glucose which can be added to chain if you want or broken down, or distributed
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how are glycogenolysis and glucogen synthesis regulated so they dont run at the same time?
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phosphoralation of enzymes in path activates breakdown and dephosphorlation increases synthesis.
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role of aplha and beta adrenergic receptors on glycogen?
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alpha cells increase breakdown
beta cells increase formation |
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heterotrimeric G proteins are?
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alpha, beta, gamma subunits of G proteins, alpha gets cAMP rollin
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products formed from PLC?
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PIP2 --> PI3 and DAG
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hormones controlling blood glucose?
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insulin decrease
glucagon increase epinephrine increase |
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diseases, Pompes, Cori, McArdle, Anderson, Von Gierkes and Hers?
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Pompes--> lysosomal alpha-ketoglutarate
Cori-->debranch enzyme def. Anderson--> branch enz. def. Hers--> liver phosphorlase def. McArdles--> skeletal muscle phospholipase def. |
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why liver glycogen phosphorlyase not prone to allosteric regulation by G-6-P oppesed to muscle glycogen phosphorylase
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cuz in liver can go straight to glucose so G-6-P doesnt stick around
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why glycogen phosphorylase phos by only one kinase while synthase is phos by a shit ton?
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synthesis is easy, breakdown isnt
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Von Gierkes?
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no glucose-6-phosphotase
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which tissue more gluycogen per/ gram?
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liver
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why have branched glycogen not linear?
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hydrophobic, and more tighly packed, wrapping
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type I diabetes can be controled well with insulin?
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a
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why type II diabetes ppl fat?
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glucose gets stored as fat not glycogen, so your a fatass
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diabetic retinopathy cause?
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diabetes and production of sorbitol which interferrs with osmosis
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glycation is?
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change in glucose by the additon of an amino
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normal fasting levels of glucose?
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80-120 mg/dL 4.5mM/L
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fatty acid syn. occurs in?
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cytosol
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hormone that stimulates fatty syn.?
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insulin
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Acetyl CoA carboxxylase cofactor?
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biotin
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substrates involved to form malonyl CoA?
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ATP, bicarbonate, acetyl CoA
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how mito. acetyl CoA made availible in cytosol?
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acetyl CoA-->OAA + citrate to cytosol then back to acetylCoA
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reductant used for fatty syn.?
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NADPH
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subtrate and products of malic enzyme?
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malate w/ NADPH to pyruvate and CO2
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vit. that is part of ACP portion of fatty synthase complex?
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pantothenate
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steps involved in syn of palmitate?
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condensation-->reduction(3 steps)--> repeat til C-16
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enzyme domain that releases palmitate from fatty syn. complex?
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thioesterase II
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enzyme expressed during lactation in mammary glands relevent to FAS?
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thioesterase II
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fatties released by thioesterase II?
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capric C-10, lauric C-12, myristic C-14
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name 2 essential fatties?
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linoleic (18:2) linolenic (18:3)
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are all natural bonds cis?
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no i think
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linoleic acid is precursor for biosynthesis of?
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arachidonic acid 20:4
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storage form of fatty is?
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trigylcerides
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triglycerides stored in?
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liver and adipose
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precursors for syn of triglycerides?
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fatty and CoA x3 and gylcerol-3-phosphate
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before beta oxi. activated fattys are esterified to?
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carnitine so can transport to mito. from cyto.
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3 energy related compounds produced by B oxi.?
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1FADH2, NADH, acetyl CoA
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enzyme in mito. matrix that cleaves of carnitine?
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carnitine acyltransferase II (CPT II)
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upon complete oxidation of stearic acid, myristic acid and lauric acid how much ATP?
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(C / 2) x 9 + [(C/2)-1] x 3 + [(C/2)-1]x2
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methylated fatty from dairy products?
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phytanic acid
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enzyme that uses b12 as coenzyme?
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methylmalonyl CoA mutase (oddchain) and methionine synthase
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name 3 carbon compound formed by odd chain oxi.?
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propionyl CoA
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2 enzymes that convert propionyl CoA to succinyl CoA?
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racemase, propionyl CoA carboxylase (w/ biotin), methyl malonyl CoA mutase
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2 carboxylases req. biotin?
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propionyl CoA carboxylase,acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC)
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compound oxi. by alpha ox.?
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phytanic acid (ATP?)
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allosteric affector and inhibitor of acetyl Coa carboxylase?
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+ve citrate, -ve phosphorlation or avidin in raw eggs
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carnitine acyl-transfeerase is inhibitted by?
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?
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hormone that trigger catabolism of fats?
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glucagon
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defect of Refsum disease?
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faulty enzyme in alpha ox. resulting in ketone build up
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2 conditions that result in methylmalonic acedemia?
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genetic (methylmalonyl CoA mutase fucked), nutritional (need B12 or enz. dont work)
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compounds that can be metab. by omega oxi path?
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capric and ?
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complete ox of capric how maany moles ATP produced?
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5x12+4x3+4x2= sumthin -4
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advantages of one huge synthase for fatties?
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easy regulation
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why fat storage energetically favorable over gylcogen?
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get it faster and no extra waste, straight to kreb
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how ketone bodies serve as energy source in brain?
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can be broke to acetyl CoA and run kreb
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why carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency leads to hypoketosis?
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build up of carnitine a ketone, durrr
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why are alcoholics hypoglycemic?
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dehydrated, no H2O for B-oxi. maybe
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what are omega-3 and 6 fatty acids?
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acids with last bond 3 from omega end, and 6 from end.
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citrate lyase rxn?
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citrate --> OAA + acetyl CoA
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C-17 fatty acid ox. enter gluconeogenic path?
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proly not?
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C-16 fatty acid ox. enter gluconeogenic path?
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i think?
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excretion of higher methylmalonic acid through urine sign of what vitamin deficency?
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Vit B12
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biochemical reasons for peripheral neuropathy in vit B12 deficient individuals?
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ketone build up?
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person with biotin def. cannot metab?
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odd number fatties
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Pkas of propionate, methylmalonate and malonate
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4.9, 2.77, 13 respectively i think
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define the terminology of ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids. Name some?
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ketogenic-->produce only acetyl CoA or acetoacetate
glucogenic-->metabolize to pyruvate, 3-phosphoglycerate, alpha-ketoglutarate, oxaloacetate, fumarate, succinyl CoA both--> isoleucine, phenalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan |
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Essential and non essential AA?
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PVT TIM HALL
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mandatory ketoacid and AA in transamination reaction?
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alpha-ketoglutarate/ glutamate, transam. uses B6 derivative
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role of pyridoxal phosphate (B6) in transamination reaction?
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coenzyme
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role of glutamine w/ reference to nitrogen catabolism
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used to transport N2 as a non toxic compound (carries excess)
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what are substrate and product of glutaminase?
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Glutamate--> alpha-ketoglutarate + NH4
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Substrate and product of carbamoxl phosphate synthase?
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NH4 + HCO3 --->w/ ATP---> carbamoylphosphate (carbamoyl phosphate synthase I)
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name two cellular compartments where urea cycle operates?
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mitochondial matrix and cytosol
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allosteric activator of carbamoyl phosphate synthase I?
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N-acetylglutamate
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name drug used to treat urea cycle enzyme defficiency?
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benzoate or phenylacetate
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Excercising muscle name cycle that uses an AA and converts it into glucose. What are diff between glucose alanine cycle and cori cycle?
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glucose- alanine cycle
glucose/alaine--> alanine goes to liver convert to glucose, Cori cycle lactate goes to liver (usually w/ anerobic conditions exist) |
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describe in detail glucose alanine, cori cycle
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Glucose alaine Alanine [liver] into pyruvate --> glucose --> skel muscle
Cori cycle pyruvate --> lactate--liver--> pyruvate-->glucose-->skel muscle |
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what is normal BUN levels (blood urea nitrogen yea i was dissapointed too)
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10-20mg/dL normally about 10g urea/day excreted
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name 3 AA specific transaminases
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alanine amino transferase (ALT) alanine -->pyruvate
aspartate amino transferase (AST) aspartate --> oxaloactate transaminase glutamate --> alpha-ketoglutarate |
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dicarboxylate cycle describe?
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fumarate(waste) --> malate--> oxaloacetate--> aspartate (in process make alpha-ketoglutarate)
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connection between dicarboxylate and urea cycle?
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di carboxylate take fumarate to aspartate
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lactate dehydrogenase reaction w/ referance to cori cycle
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converstion of lactate to pyruvate and back using NAD and NADH depending on direction
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two neurotransmitter derived from tyrosine?
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dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine
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name 3 generic name for reactions that make these neurotransmitters?
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decarboxylation, hydroxylation, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) dependent methylation
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name three catecholamines?
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dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
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rate limiting step of biosyn. of catecholamines?
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Tyrosine--O2--THB-- tyrosine hydroxylase--> dopa
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name cofactor req. for tyrosine hydroxylase?
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tetrahydrobiopterin (THB)
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catecholamines release stimulated by neurotransmitter?
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acetylcholine (ACh)
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name 2 enzymes involved in catecholamine catabolism?
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Catecholamine O methyl transferase (COMT) --> SAM dependant methylation
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) (mito enzyme) two act sequentially |
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Functions of catocholamines
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fight or flight..... release FA from adipose
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Connection between Parkinsons and Dopamine and drug used to treat it?
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Parkinsons in degeneration of substania nigra (produce dopamine)
treated w/ L-dopa which is precursor for dopamine |
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2 neurotransmitters from tryptophan
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Serotonin, melatonin
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hormone involved in circiandian rhythm?
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melatonin
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effect of prozac?
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prevents reuptake of seratonin (SSRI)
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how to fix jet lag?
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synthesis of melatonin
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enzyme that catalizes release of histamine
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histidine decarboxylase (co-B6)
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three functions of histamine?
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mediates allergic, inflammitory reaction, vasodialator, restriction of bronchioles, and secretion of HCl (stomach)
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what are substrate and products of gluamate decarboxylase?
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glutamate---> GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
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in general decarboxylase req. coenzyme?
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pyridoxal phosphate(B6)
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L-DOPA used for what disease?
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Parkinson Disease
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Name synthetic compound that inhibit serotonin reuptake?
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prozac
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describe pheochromocytoma
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tumers of chromaffin tissue--> produce lots catecholamines result in hypertension
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clinical correlation between huntingtons disease and GABA
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no correlation (polyglutamine disease caused by trinucleotide repeats)
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melanins are synthesized in
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pineal gland
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Tyrosine deficiency cause?
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albinism--> defecctive melanin production
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under ox. condition in order to maintain reducing environment what compound is envoked?
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glutathione
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methyl group donor compound that is used in many methyl transferase rxn?
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SAM, S-adenosylmethione
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Name 2 function of glutatione?
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maintain protein sulfhydral group in reduced state, in liver it serves to detoxify xenobiotics
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nitric oxide is derived from the AA?
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Arginine
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Name substrate and products of acetylcholinesterase?
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acetylcholine --> acetate + choline
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Explain action of DIPF on acetylcholinesterase?
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acetylcholineesterase has serine residue in active site react w/ phosphate group of DIPF w/ elimination of Flourine, Irreversable covalent modification inactive enzyme
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Name Xenobiotics that inhibit acetyl cholinesterase?
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Physiostigmine and Neostigmine by carbamoilating serine a active site
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Channel opened by acetylcholine?
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Sodium/Potassium Channels
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Mechanism of action of nerve gas?
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Ends in respiratory failure
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3 excitatory and 3 inhibitory neurotransmitters?
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Excitatory: Acetylcholine, Dopamine, Histamine, Norepinephrine, epinephrine, glutamate.
Inhibitory: Glycine, Taurine, GABA, |
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Acetylcholine not metabolized by reuptake. explain which cells will catabolize Acetylcholine after action potential?
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Acetylcholinesterase
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Explain the difference between endogenous, proteolysis, and digestion protein related degredation?
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Amino Acids are release from proteins already in body. Digestion is what we eat.
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Normal Creatine Blood Value?
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Less than 1.5mg/dL
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Describe metabolism of glucogenic and ketogenic AA in relation to TCA?
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Glucogenic: AA get converted into substrate that can enter TCA immediately
Ketogenic: must be converted to something (Acetyl CoA) and then can enter TCA |
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Describe lactate dehydrogenase catalyze reaction?
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Lactate is dehydrogenated by the enzyme and NAD+ to form pyruvate
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When lactate accumulates in blood, whats the problem?
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Lactic Acid is a bad deal.
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Decribe catecholamine synthesis pathway?
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Tyrosine --> DOPA --> Dopamine --> norepinephrine --> epinephrine
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Explain why vitamin B6 deficiency causes brain related problems?
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Vitamin B6 is used to make GABA which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter and B6 is the coenzyme for decarboxylase.
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Describe biosynthesis of serotonin and melatonin?
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Typtophan --> 5 hydroxyltryptophan --> serotonin --> N-acetylserotonin --> melatonin
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Biosynthesis of histamine and its function?
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Histadine -- cofactor B6--> Histadine D Carboxylase --> Histamine.
Function is imflammation, vasodialator, bronchoconstrictor, increase of HCl in the stomach. |
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Biosynthesis of creatine phosphate and degredation?
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Arginine + Glycine --transamadase--> Guanadino acetate -- SAM--> creatine--> creatine phosphate
When used creatine is the waste product and is excreted. |
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Which vitamin derivative is coenzyme for decarboxylases?
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Pyrodoxal phosphate, vitamin B6
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NO synthases and respective functions in different tissues?
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Endothelium derived: relaxes smooth muscle
Brain derived: activates guanylate cyclase Macrophage derived: increase NO synthesis, NO is toxic to bacteria |
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Biochemical bases for: Parkinson's, depression, pheochromocytomas, huntingtons?
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park: degredation of substantia nigra, decreased dopamine level
depression: serotonin reuptake pheoch: tumors of chromaffin tissues produce chatecholamines Huntington's: polyglutamine disease cause of repeat expansion of trinucleotide |
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Is ATP or NADH utilized or produced in this pathway and In what reaction ?
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NADPH is created, 2 per G6P molecule
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Rate limiting step pentose shunt
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: G6P + NADP --G6P dehydrogenase--> 6 Phosphoglucons- lactone +NADPH
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what is the function of the pentose phosphate pathway?
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NADPH production for reactions in cytosol, ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotides, provide alternate to glycolysis as means to metabolize glucose, interconversion from pentose to hexose.
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What are possible start materials for pentose shunt?
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Glucose-6-phosphate
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what are the enzyme, substrate and product of the rate determining step in the pentose pathway?
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G6P + NADP --G6P dehydrogenase--> 6phosphogluto-delta-lactone + NADPH + H
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Describe how G6P dehydrogenase deficiency can be related to hemolytic anemia?
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No G6P dehydrogenase reduce amount of NADPH which red blood cells use to keep enough reduced glutathione to protect membrane against being damaged by peroxidation of fatty acids in membrane lipids.
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In which type of tissue is the pathway most active and which part of the cell?
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tissue: erythrocyte and leukocytes, liver, adipose, mammary, adrenal cortex
cell: cytosol |
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what tissues require ribose phosphate for high rate neucleotide synthesis?
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bone marrow, skin, gastric mucosa
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Tissue that requires NADPH for lipid and chatecholamine synthesis?
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Liver, adipose, mammary, adrenal cortex, nervous system
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Require NADPH for protection against oxidative damage?
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Erythrocytes and Leukocytes
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What type of category enzyme reaction are used in pentose shunt?
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Oxidative, isomerization or epimerization
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1. Why is the citric acid cycle (c.a.c.) said to be amphibolic? What are its catabolic
functions? ...its anabolic functions? What are the other names for the citric acid cycle? |
it degrades and synthesizes,
degrades-->oxdizes 2 carbons of acetyl CoA to CO2, gen reduced cofactors syn-->starting materials can make glucose, aminos, fatties, heme other names--> krebs, TCA cycle |
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2. What is the fuel for the c.a.c.? From what metabolites is it derived?
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fuel is Acetyl CoA derived from pyruvate i think
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3. What four intermediates of the cycle are important for synthesis of other cell
constituents, and what are those constituents? |
citrate-->carbon for fatty synthese, glycolysis control
alpha-ketoglutarate-->glutamate by tranamination succinyl CoA-->carbon for heme syn oxaloacetate--> aspartate, transam again |
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4. Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle occur? ...how about ox/phos?
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mito matrix and ox phos is across inner mito membrane
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5. How many molecules of reduced cofactors are produced by the oxidation of one molecule
of acetyl CoA by the c.a.c. ? 2 |
4?
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6. How many ATP's are generated through ox/phos during the oxidation of NADH?
...FADH2? Why are these numbers approximate? |
NADH-->3
FADH2-->2 uncoupling and shit |
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7. What other "high-energy" compound is generated directly by the c.a.c. ?
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GTP
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8. Why is pyruvate carboxylase an important enzyme? What is its allosteric effector?
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cuz it finishes glycolysis and gives needed pyruvate
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9. Why is pyruvate dehydrogenase an important enzyme?
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takes pyruvate and gives us the acetyl CoA we need
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11. What is the role of the proton gradient in ox/phos? How is it generated?
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proton gradient allows creation of ATP, generated by oxidation of cofactors and pumping of protons into outter matrix
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12. What are the two characteristics of an uncoupler of ox/phos? How does an uncoupler
work? |
must be weak acid and lipophilic, takes protons from outside mem and brings them in destroying gradient
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13. Where within the cell does ox/phos occur?
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imm moron
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14. What is P50, and how does it change with a right shift? (Don’t forget about Hb!)
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conc when half sites are bound? right shift it has less sites bound at each conc.
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List six classes of plasma lipoproteins and describe origins?
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Chylomicron
VLDL IDL LDL HDL Lp(a)? |
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Name enzymes and proteins that are important for the metabolism of plasma lipoproteins and describe role of each. Which mediates the interaction of these enzymes with lipoproteins
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Lipoprotein lipase- adipose and strat muscle, interact with chylomicrons and VLDL via apoC-II
hepatic lipase-plasma and macrophages, mediates rxns w/ receptors like LDL and SRB1 lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)- HDL, made liver, activated apo A1 ATP binding cassette transporters (ABCA1, ABCGs)-macrophages, brain,liver,adrenal, mediates transport of cholesterol, phospholipids, from cells to lipid depleted HDL apolipoproteins, rate limiting step of production HDL also cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP)- take HDL <--> LDL and VLDL phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP)- |
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describe structure of generalized lipo and list contents of coat and core
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phospho lipid coat w/ cholesterol
cholesterol ester inside, wrapped with Apoproteins kinda like a satanic pacman |
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what are the meaning of the terms good cholesterol and bad cholesterol and to which plasma lipoproteins do they refer
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HDL- good --> removes cholesterol from peripheral tissues
LDL- bad |
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contrast LDL receptor and scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1)
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SR-B1--> sucks stuff right outta HDL
LDL--> internalizes the molecule to absorb |
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what is lipoprotein(a) and why is it of special medical interest?
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variant of LDL w/ additional protein, its an independant risk factor for atherosclerosis and looks alot like plasminogen
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name and describe the lipids associated with plasma lipoproteins
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name and describe the lipids associated with plasma lipoproteins
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describe the endogenous and exogenous paths of lipid transport
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exo--> from outside, from gut get chylomicrons go to tissues and then remnants liver
endo-->liver shoot out VLDL to tissues get IDL, go to LDL can make HDL or go to liver note HDL to IDL takes LCAT |
