P1 A&p Exam 1B Ok

Front 1

What is meant by a physiological range?

Back 1

Range of values acceptable for certain chemicals to sustain life

Front 2

# What is the physiological range for blood pH? For blood Sodium ion?

Back 2

Blood: 7.35-7.45pH
Na: 135-145mEq/L

Front 3

What is negative feedback?

Back 3

Product shuts down the reaction pathway, something makes process goes in other direction

Front 4

Why water good solvent?

Back 4

polar

Front 5

molality

Back 5

mol/kg

Front 6

Major elements of human body

Back 6

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sodium, Phosphorous, Sulfur
SPOCHS

Front 7

water necessary for life

Back 7

great solvent, bio rxns take place liquid form

Front 8

inorganic ions required for life why

Back 8

because they give charges, electric potentials can be created

Front 9

hydrogen ions needed in required conc. cuz

Back 9

changes organic molecules from polar to non
effects protein conformations

Front 10

what use hydrogen ion gradient?

Back 10

electron transport chain

Front 11

how does pH affect solubility of drug?

Back 11

can make it into ion which is polar and soluble or the other way

Front 12

three types of RNA

Back 12

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, ncRNA 'non-coding'

Front 13

Why is calcium used for so many physiological process?

Back 13

so abundant

Front 14

why different muscle look diff?

Back 14

different purposes

Front 15

Ficks law of diffusion?

Back 15

high concentration to low concentration, speed of diffusion depends on gradient

Front 16

surface area/lipid solubility
affect lipid solubility?

Back 16

SA: more increases
lipid solubility: more increases
lipid sol. affected by pH

Front 17

osmolality of blood and extra cellular fluid (ECF)?

Back 17

275--299 mOsm/kg

Front 18

osmolality of 300 mM glucose? Of 150 mM NaCl? Of 100 mM CaCl2?

Back 18

300 for all

Front 19

thiomersal? how work

Back 19

causes enzymes be nonfunc. since Hg binds to thiol group in active site

Front 20

How polar molecules cross membrane

Back 20

transport proteins

Front 21

func. of integrin? cadherin?

Back 21

integrins: glycoprotein that attach cell to outside matrix
Cadherin: adhesion molecules, connect cell to cell

Front 22

SGLUT? GLUT? func.

Back 22

SGLUT in intestine, symport, 1 glu. 2 Na, secondary active trans., ACTIVE
GLUT transport glucose across membrane, FACILITATED DIFFUSION

Front 23

sodium, potassium pump func.

Back 23

create gradient, 3 Na out, 2 K in, cleaves ATP

Front 24

Receptor function

Back 24

recieve signals and perform task for signal

Front 25

Membrane transports?

Back 25

simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion--> Vmax

against gradient
active transport
secondary active
endo/exocytosis

Front 26

glucose against gradient why?

Back 26

sodium cotrans. intestine kidney

Front 27

nucleus func?

Back 27

holds genetic info
rRNA, mRNA formed

Front 28

ribosome

Back 28

organelles that perform protein syn.
bound on ER (rough) for secretion

Front 29

glycosylation occurs?

Back 29

mostly rough ER, not really anywhere else

Front 30

what happens in mito. why inner out mems.

Back 30

Krebs, electron transport chain, cuz

Front 31

lysosome?

Back 31

disgests shit, acidic internal environment, storage

Front 32

peroxisome

Back 32

off ER w/ enyzmes that degrades fatties and other shit and makes H2O2

Front 33

proteasome

Back 33

large protein complex that kill other proteins by proteolysis

Front 34

dinitrophenol does
azide

Back 34

decreases proton gradient

metabolic poison that binds irreveriblly to heme cofactor (bad for repiratory)

Front 35

transcription factor?

Back 35

it makes RNA

Front 36

rough ER makes what

Back 36

secreted and membrane proteins

Front 37

golgi does?

Back 37

glycosilation, phosphorlation, and forms secretory vesicles

Front 38

dyneins and kinesins

Back 38

intracellur transport

Front 39

4 basic tissue types?

Back 39

Connective
Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous

Front 40

Cell membrane important cuz?

Back 40

gradients
semipermeable

Front 41

protein gylcosylation occurs where?

Back 41

Rough ER
Golgi

Front 42

2nd ary messenger is?

Back 42

causes cascade of events, like cAMP and GDP,
inducer never enters cell

Front 43

Different methods of transport are?

Back 43

Diffusion
Facilitated
Active
Secondary active

Front 44

Symport
Antiport

Back 44

same
opposite

Front 45

Receptor mediated endocytosis works how?

Back 45

i dont want to tell you

Front 46

Henderson Hasselbach is?

Back 46

pH= pKa + log -A/HA

Front 47

Cytoskeleton fibers are?

Back 47

microfiliments-->actin
intermediate filaments-->keritin
microtubules-->tubulin (flagella) motile

Front 48

Which cytoskeletal filaments are associated with the centrioles?

Back 48

microtubules, important for cell division

Front 49

Basic features of connective tissue

Back 49

connects shit?
anchor
structure strength
communication
nutrition
lotta matrix

Front 50

fibroblasts produce?

Back 50

collagen
elastic fibers
reticular fibers

Front 51

loose connective tissue contains what cells?

Back 51

fibroblasts
macrophages
mast cells

Front 52

what makes cartilage?

Back 52

chondrocytes

Front 53

what makes bone?

Back 53

osteoblasts and cytes

Front 54

connective tissue that covers bone? cartilage?

Back 54

periosteum
perichondrium

Front 55

adipocyte?

Back 55

connective tissue
lots of lipid storage, irregular shape

Front 56

epithelial tissue?
top is called?
bottom is called?

Back 56

rapid regen/ growth
top-->apical
bottom-->basal connected to basement
basement membrane--> secreted by cells

Front 57

types of epithelial tissue?
ex of each

Back 57

simple squamous
strat. squamous
cuboidal
columnar

Front 58

Desmosome do and have?
adherens junctions

Back 58

intermediate filament
connect cells

Front 59

Desmosomes have
hemidesmosomes different how?
Adherins junction?

Back 59

cadherins
hemi: anchor to basement, use integrins
adherins: use cadherins and integrins link actin filments between cells

Front 60

tight junctions use?
gap junctions?

Back 60

occludin and claudin
gap: connexin --> let communicate

Front 61

body membranes are?
where is each?
parietal vs. visceral

Back 61

cutaneous
mucous
serous
synovial
p vs. v -->p lines cavity wall
v covers organs

Front 62

Epidermis is what type of tissue?
how about dermis layers?

Back 62

stratified squamous
dermis--> papillary is losse connective
reticular is dense irregular connective

Front 63

4 layers of epidermis? sometimes 5

Back 63

Basal
Spinosum
Granulosum
Lucidium(only in thick)
Corneum

Front 64

dermis function?

Back 64

structural support
vascularization of area

Front 65

Keratinocytes do? and where
melanocytes?
langerhans?
merkels?

Back 65

produce keratin (produced at basal layer)
M: make melanin, color
L: phagocytes
M:sensory receptors

Front 66

what proteins form dermis?
what makes them?

Back 66

collagen, elastin, reticular
made by fibroblasts

Front 67

mast cells? why important

Back 67

immflammitory effects
release histamine, heparin

Front 68

sudoriferous gland?
arrector pilli muscle

Back 68

sweat gland, temp reg.
muscle that gives you goose bumps (attached to hair follicles)

Front 69

sensory receptors in skin?
what they do?

Back 69

merkel
meissners
pacinian
ruffinis end organs
free nerve endings
afferent

Front 70

Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast

Back 70

make bone
mature bone cell, sits there in lacunae
bone absorption, group of macrophages fused

Front 71

Canaliculi
central canal
osteon
osteoid

Back 71

canals
big canal
contains canal and shit
protein mixture secreted by blasts, mostly collogen

Front 72

periostuim
endostium
hydroxyapatite
osteoprotegrin

Back 72

connective tissue around bone
connective tissue inside bone
what makes bone hard
stops osteoclast formation from macs (stimulated by estrogen)

Front 73

RANK
RANKL
produced where?

Back 73

RANK is cytosine receptor osteoclasts (monocytes)
RANKL is protein that binds to it and stim. osteoclast formation

Front 74

Bone fluid is?

Back 74

Collagen, Ca binding proteins, proteogylcans, hydroxyapatate

Front 75

What has highest free [Ca++]?

Back 75

Blood Plasma

Front 76

Physiological effects of PTH?

Back 76

released when low Ca in blood,
Bone-decrease blast, inc clast
Kidney- Ca retension, PO4 excretion
Overall- inc Ca, Decr PO4

Front 77

Physiological effects of calitriol?
Physiological effects of calcitonin?
\Physiological effects of PTH?

Back 77

Front 78

Which hormone increases calcitriol?
which hormone uses G proteins?
which hormone acts as DNA binding receptor?

Back 78

PTH and hypophosphitimea
G: PTH, calctonin
DNA: calcatriol

Front 79

Which hormone decreases phosphate levels?
What cell does calcitonin act on mainly?

Back 79

PTH and calcitonin

acts on osteoclasts

Front 80

Effects of glucocorticoids

what do bisphosphates do?

Back 80

cortisol-->cause bone lose
stim. absorb
inhibit syn.
inhibit Ca. reaborb in kidney

destroy osteoclasts

Front 81

Muscle types, what diff?

Back 81

Skeletal-->bone, multinuke, striated, voluntary/invol
Smooth-->walls of hollow organs, skin, BV, eyes, glands, one nuke, involuntary
Cardiac-->heart, single nuke, striated, involuntary, intercalated disks

Front 82

resting membrane potential
threshold potential

Back 82

-70mV or -50--90
-50mV

Front 83

thick
thin filaments made of

protein spans entire sarcomere

Back 83

myosin

tropomyosin, troponin, actin

titin

Front 84

how action potenial take place

Back 84

Front 85

 Where does the myofiber action potential begin?

Back 85

at neuromuscular junction

Front 86

Movement of which ion is mainly responsible for the resting membrane potential?
Movement of what ion causes the depolarization phase of the action potential?
repolarization phase of the action potential?

Back 86

K

Na

K

Front 87

what does calcium bind to
what does myosin bind to?

Back 87

troponin

actin

Front 88

cholinergic agonists do?
antagonists?
curare?
neostigmine?

Back 88

contract
prevent contractions
C: compeditive inhibitor
Neo: inhibits AcH breakdown

Front 89

botox does?

Back 89

blocks release of AcH at neuromuscluar junction

Front 90

Myasthenis gravis

muscular dystrophy

Back 90

autoimmune disorder caused by antibodies that block AcH receptors, treat with cholenesterase inhibitor

X linked genetic disease, degeneration of muscle, Duchenne most common, cuz dystrophin not allow actin bind extracellularness