P1 Anatomy And Physio No Good

Front 1

Classical cell theory

Back 1

all life forms are composed of one or more cells

Front 2

Cell is?

Back 2

smallest self-preserving and self-reproducing unit with
 Nucleic acid (DNA) as blueprint
 Complex variety of proteins
 Membranes separate cell from environment, mediate interactions with surroundings and divide complex cells into (organelles)

Front 3

Karyokinesis

Back 3

cellular division

Front 4

Mitosis

Back 4

nuclear division

Front 5

Cellular reproduction

Back 5

division of the cell

Front 6

Metabolism

Back 6

all physicochemical reactions undertaken by the cell

Front 7

- Transcription & Translation

Back 7

allows cells to synthesize proteins; part of their metabolism

Front 8

- Unicellular organisms

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- An organism that depends upon diffusion for basic intracellular transport and nutrition must be rather small
area and volume

Front 9

- Modern cell theory

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 All living things are made from cells
 All cells arise from existing cells
 Cells carry hereditary information that is passed to the next generation
 Vital chemical reactions occur within cells (metabolism)

Front 10

- Viruses

Back 10

Viruses
Many viruses have a roughly spherical
shape thermodynamic reasons
Capsid housing layer matrix protein different structures
complexity vary
viruses sacs’ genetic material enzymes
not criteria life’

Front 11

Eukaryotes

Back 11

 Have a membrane bound structure (nucleus) that ‘houses’ their chromosomes
 Have linear, generally paired, chromosomes
 Have multiple membrane-bound organelles
 Divide through mitosis
 Are predominantly capable of ‘genetic recombination’
- Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotic

Front 12

- Cell composition

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 70-85% water
 Ions: K+, Mg2+, PO42-, SO42-, HCO3, Na+, Cl-, Ca2+
 Proteins: 10-20% cell mass
o Structural proteins: linear polymers for integrity, cytoskeleton, contraction
o Globular proteins: soluble enzymes for catalysis
 Lipids: 2% cell mass; integral to cell membrane; insoluble in water
o Phospholipids: in plasma membrane; have a phosphate head (hydrophilic) and a hydrophobic tail
o Sterols: cholesterol
o Triglycerides: energy
 Carbohydrates: 1-3% cell mass
o Glycoproteins
o Glycogen

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- Plasma membrane

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 Separates cell from surroundings (intra- from extra-cellular)
 Permits selective assimilation of nutrients and elimination of wastes
 Contains:
o Phospholipids
o Membrane proteins
o Carbohydrates on outer surface that may be attached to proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids)

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- Cytoplasm

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includes all material inside the cell membrane, except for the nucleus; much of the cellular metabolic activity is carried out in the cytoplasm (including glycolysis and signal transduction)
 Cytosol
 Organelles

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- Non-membranous organelles:

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 Cytoskeleton
 Centrioles
 Centrosomes
 Cilia
 Flagella
 Ribosomes
 Vaults

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- Ribosomes

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intracellular sites of protein synthesis; may be present more or less independently in the cytoplasm, or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum; non-membranous organelles; composed of RNA and protein

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- Free ribosomes

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 Present in the cytosol
 May occur as a single ribosome or in groups as polyribosomes or polysomes
 More abundant than bound ribosomes in cells that retain most of their manufactured proteins
 Produce soluble proteins for cytoplasm or form important cytoplasmic structural or motile elements

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- Bound ribosomes

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 Bound to exterior of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) constituting rough ER
 More abundant than free ribosomes in cells that secrete their manufactured proteins (i.e. pancreatic cells, producers of digestive enzymes)
 Produce proteins that become a part of membranes or packaged into vesicles for storage in the cytoplasm or export to the cell exterior

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Cytoskeleton

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: flexible framework or infrastructure for the cell, consisting of both durable and transitory elements

Front 20

- Cytoskeleton functions:

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 Confers shape and strength to cell
 Stabilizes placement of organelles
 Provides for intracellular transport of vesicles, organelles, nutrients, synthetic materials
 Enables mechanical communication with ECF and other cells
 Articulates division of cell
 Moves cilia, flagella, contractile filaments
 Permits amoeboid motility for some cells

Front 21

 Microfilaments

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actin