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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is normal? |
A behaviour is considered to be normal when it helps a person to assimilate appropriately into their society and culture and to function independently as expected for their age. |
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What are the 2 approaches to describing normality? |
- The functional approach - The medical approach |
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What is the functional approach? |
People are considered normal if their thoughts, feelings and/or behaviour enables them to function effectively in their everyday life. E.g. it is not normal for a person to have thoughts and feelings that cause them to avoid all social contact. |
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What is the medical approach? |
suggests that if a person is acting abnormally it is due to an illness with symptoms that require treatment. |
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Define Mental Health |
is a state of emotional and social well-being in which individuals can realise their own abilities, cope with the normal stressors of life, can work productively and contribute to theircommunity. |
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Define Mental Illness |
is a mental disorder that affects one or more functions of the mind and can interfere with a person’s thoughts, emotions, perceptions and behaviours. |
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Difference between mental health and mental illness? |
There are degrees of mental health. Most people will struggle with mental health problems from extra stress in their lives at some point whereas,
Mental illness is a serious departure from normal functioning and is more serious and ongoing than a mental health problem. Mental illness usually has a set of symptoms that require treatment. |
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What is a classification system used for? |
To identify symptoms and to make a diagnosis |
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What are the 2 main classification systems and what approach do they use? |
DSM (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders) and ICD (International classification of diseases) both use a categorical approach |
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Define a categorical approach |
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What is the DSM (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders)? |
Is an American handbook which uses a number of factors to diagnose mental disorders, including medical conditions,psychosocial stressors and the extent to which mental state is interfering with everyday life. - descriptive only; does not state cause or treatment |
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What system does the DSM use? |
Multiaxial system (5 axis) |
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What is the multiaxial system? |
Axis I - Clinical disorders
Axis II - Mental retardation/personality disorders Axis III - General medical conditions Axis IV - Psychosocial + environmental problems Axis V - Global assessment of functioning (score assessed) |
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What is the ICD? (International Classification of Diseases) |
The international tool for diagnosing both physical and mental illness. |
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Similarities between DSM and ICD? |
Both are descriptive without considering causes or treatments for illness |
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What are the criticisms of both the DSM and ICD? |
- Cultural variation - Validity of categories - Writing by a committee - Subjectivity - Health insurance - Labelling |
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Explain Cultural variation |
The DSM was created based on Americanculture which may not be appropriate for some people |
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Explain Validity of categories |
Some categories of the systems may not bevalid. E.g. until 1973 homosexuality wasclassified as a mental illness |
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Explain Writing by a commitee |
DSM criteria are written by committeesmeaning that some outspoken people couldhave too much influence |
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Explain Subjectivity |
Some symptoms are given by patients throughself-report- they may choose to not share somefeelings or be unaware of symptoms (e.g.schizophrenia) |
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Explain Health insurance |
In the US, health insurance is very strict and willusually only pay for treatment of conditionslisted on the DSM. |
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Explain Labelling |
The use of labels for conditions can lead tostigma and discrimination and there is a lack offlexibility in diagnosis |
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What is the dimensional/graded approach? |
In thisapproach the diagnoses can be related more directly to the individual. However, it is more time consuming. |
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Who developed the Biopsychosocial framework? |
George Engel |
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What is the Biopsychosocial framework? |
To understand andtreat a condition you had to consider it in terms of biological, psychological and social influences. |
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How was the model designed to treat the patient? |
Holistically (mind and body together) |
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What are the biological factors? |
- bodily structures - genetic conditions - age - ethnicity |
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What are the types of assessment/treatment for these biological factors? |
- neuroimaging - medication - medical procedures |
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What are the psychological factors? |
- personality (intro/extrovert) - behaviour - thoughts and feelings - perceptions (of themselves and the world) |
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What are the social factors? |
- school environment/pressures - level of education - family/friend support - cultural expectations |
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Define stress |
A psychological and physical response of the body that occurs whenever we mustadapt to changing conditions, whether those conditions be real or perceived. |
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Define a stressor |
An internalor external source of tension that challenges a person’s ability to cope. |
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What are the characteristics of stressors? |
There are 3 categories: nature, duration and intensity |
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Nature of stressor characteristics? |
Physical: hunger, pain, sleep deprivation Psychological: school anxiety, sadness from losing a pet, grief from losing someone |
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Duration of stressor characteristics? |
Short term: job interview, exam Long term: chronic illness, financial difficulties |
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Intensity of stressor characteristics? |
Low intensity: starting new school year, arguing with a friend High intensity: being chased by a vicious animal, loss of loved one |
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Define fight or flight response |
The instinctive physiological response to a threatening situation |
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What activates the fight or flight response? |
The HPA axis |
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Explain the HPA axis |
The Hypothalamus releases CHRhormone. This activates the Pituitary gland to release ACTH hormone. This prompts the Adrenalglands to release stress hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol. |
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Define Eustress |
A positive psychological response to a perceived stressor (stress that comes from goodnews) |
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Define Distress |
A negative psychological response to a perceived stressor (stress that comes from badnews) |
