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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Operant conditioning
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a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
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Shaping
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an operant conditioning where reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer approximations of the desired study.
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reinforcer
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Operant conditioning where any event that strenthens the behavior it follows
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punishment
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an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
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Observational learning
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learning by observing others
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memory
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the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
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encoding
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the processing of information into the memory system
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storage
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the retention of encoded information over time
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retrieval
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the process of getting information out of memory storage
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sensory memory
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the immediate very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
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sensory memory: iconic
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a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a photographic or picture image memory that lasts no more than a few lengths of seconds.
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sensory memory: echoic
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memory of auditory stimuli if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be realized within 3 or 4 seconds
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long term memory includes
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knowledge, skills and experiences
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short term memory includes
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seven digit phone numbers before information is forgotten
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rehearsal
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the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in the consciousness or to encode it for storage
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spacing effect
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the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than achieved through massive study or practice
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serial position effect
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easier to remember things in the place you learned them
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primacy
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the state of being first in order, rank, importance, etc.
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Flashbulb memories
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a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
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implicit memory
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retention independent of conscious recollection
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explicit memory
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memory of the facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.
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chunking
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organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs automatically
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priming
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the activation of certain associations in memory
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Motivated forgetting
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people forget memories
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Repression
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the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memory's from consciousness
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Memory construction
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..
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Misinformation effect
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incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
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Source amnesia
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his wife attributing the wrong person to an event
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Accuracy of children’s eyewitness memory
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not very accurate at all studies done
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Memory interference
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...
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Personality
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a persons pattern of thinking, feeling and acting
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Freud’s theory of psychosexual development
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p. 560
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ego
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part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego and reality. Satisfies the ids desires that will bring pleasure.
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id
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contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drivers. operates on pleasure principle.
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superego
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represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations
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Free association
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a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
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Unconscious
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a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. Information processing of which we are unaware.
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id
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contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drivers. operates on pleasure principle.
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Dreams – latent and manifest
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Latent:the underlying meaning of a dream
Manifest: the remembered story line of a dream |
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superego
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represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations
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Free association
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a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
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content
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a test samples the behavior that is of interest
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Unconscious
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a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. Information processing of which we are unaware.
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Oedipus complex
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a boy's sexual desires towards his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.
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Stages of psychosexual
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...
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Dreams – latent and manifest
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Latent:the underlying meaning of a dream
Manifest: the remembered story line of a dream |
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content
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a test samples the behavior that is of interest
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development
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studies physical and social change throughout a lifespan
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Oedipus complex
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a boy's sexual desires towards his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.
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Defense mechanisms
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the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
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Stages of psychosexual
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...
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development
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studies physical and social change throughout a lifespan
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Defense mechanisms
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the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
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Self-actualization
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one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved.
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Roger’s conditions for growth
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..
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Self-actualization
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one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved.
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Traits
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a charectercteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act as assesed by self-report inventories and peer reports
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Roger’s conditions for growth
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..
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Factor analysis
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a statistical procedure that identifies clustures of related items on a test
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Traits
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a charectercteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act as assesed by self-report inventories and peer reports
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Big 5
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...
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Factor analysis
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a statistical procedure that identifies clustures of related items on a test
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Big 5
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...
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Empirically derived personality
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a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
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inventories
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Empirically derived personality
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a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
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inventories
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MMPI
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MMPI
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Person-situation controversy
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Person-situation controversy
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Reciprocal determinism
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the interacting influences of behavior internal cognition and environment
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Reciprocal determinism
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the interacting influences of behavior internal cognition and environment
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Locus of control
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..
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Learned helplessness
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the hopelessness and passive resignation learned when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
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Fundamental attribution error
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the tendency for observors when analyzing another's behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of the personal dispositon
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Foot-in-the-door; door-in-face
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...
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Cognitive dissonance
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we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.
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Asch conformity studies
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Social facilitation
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stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
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social loafing
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the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their when trying to contain a common goal rather than personal.
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Deindividuation
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the loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
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Group polarization and group think
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group p: the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion with the group
g t: occurs when the desire for the harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. |
