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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do CAD and Cardiomyopathy (enlarged heart) result in?
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They result in a decreased pumping action and a decrease in the volume of blood ejected from the ventricles (stroke volume)
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What are two other factors that cause a decrease in stroke volume and a decrease in circulating blood volume?
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Dehydration and hemorrhage
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What is the Frank-Starling Law of the Heart?
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As the myocardium stretches, the strength of the subsequent contraction increases.
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Why does Starlings Law not apply to a diseased heart?
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Because the myocardium stretch is beyond the heart physiological limits.
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What happens in a diseased heart when it contracts?
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You can end up with insufficient stroke volume and blood begins to back up into the pulmonary and systemic circulation.
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What is stroke volume?
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Is the volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart with each beat. The term stroke volume can apply to each of the two ventricles of the heart, although it usually refers to the left ventricle. The stroke volumes for each ventricle are generally equal.
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What is the myocardial pump?
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The pumping action of the heart, essential to carrying oxygen, including the four cardiac chambers, vessels, and valves.
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What is myocardial blood flow?
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To maintain adequate blood flow to the pulmonary and systemic circulation, myocardial blood flow must supply sufficient oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium itself.
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What happens during ventricular diastole?
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The AV valves open, and blood flows from the high pressured, filled, atria to the low pressured relaxed ventricles. When then ventricles are filled, the AV valves shut the prevent regurgitation of blood, thus yielding the sound of S1, and beginning systole.
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What happens during the systolic phase?
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Blood is pushed via ventricular contraction through the now open semilunar vales, aortic and pulmonic, into the aorta and pulmonary artery. Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves produces the sound of S2.
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What happens to some patients with a valvular disease?
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The have a regurgitation of blood because the valves don't close properly, and this creates a murmur you can hear on auscultation.
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If you have back up of blood into your pulmonary circulation what side of your heart is failing?
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LEFT SIDED FAILURE
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If you have blood backing up into your systemic circulation what side of your heart is failing?
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RIGHT SIDE
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What is coronary circulation?
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The branch of systemic circulation that supplies the myocardium with oxygen and nutrients and removes waste.
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What happens to the coronary arteries during ventricular diastole?
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They fill.
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Where are the coronary arteries located?
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They are located above and behind the aortic valve through openings called the coronary ostia (openings)
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What is the role of the left coronary artery?
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This contains the most abundant blood supply for the heart, feeds the left ventricular myocardium, which is more muscular and does most of the hearts work.
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What is systemic circulation?
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The arteries and the veins of systemic circulation deliver nutrients and oxygen to and remove waste from tissues.
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What happens to oxygenated blood with it leaves the left ventricle of the heart?
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It flows through the aorta and into large systemic arteries. These arteries branch into smaller arteries, arterioles, and finally into small vessels and capillaries. Exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste occurs at the capillary level. At this level tissue is also oxygenated.
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How do waste products exit the capillary network?
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They exit through venules that join to form veins.
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What is cardiac output verses stroke volume?
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Cardiac output is the is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute, whereas stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per contraction.
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What is preload?
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Preload is the end-diastolic volume. As the ventricle are resting they are filling up to their maximum capacity.
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What is after load?
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the pressure that the chambers of the heart must generate in order to eject blood out of the heart and into the arteries.
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What is a clinical way to measure after load?
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Aortic pressure
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What happens to after load in hypertension?
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It increases
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What are some drugs that increase myocardial contraction?
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Epi, digitalis preparations, sympathetic nervous drugs.
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What happens to the myocardium of the older adult?
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It is more rigid and slower moving, and contractility does not recover as quickly.
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What is the relationship between heart rate and diastolic filling time?
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With an elevated heart rate, the diastolic filling time decrease, thus decreasing cardiac output and stroke volume.
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What is the conduction system?
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The relaxation and contraction of the atria and the ventricles depend on continuous organized transmission of electrical impulses. The cardiac conduction system transmits these impulses.
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What role does the autonomic nervous system play in the conduction system?
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It regulates the rate of impulses, as well as the speed of transmission through the conductive pathway and strength of the atrial and ventricular contractions.
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What do sympathetic nerve fibers do in regards to conduction?
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They increase heart rate.
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What do parasympathetic nerve fibers do in regards to conduction?
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They decrease heart rate.
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What is the pathway of the conduction system?
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1.Impulse originates in the SA node.
2.AV NODE 3. RIGHT BUNDLE BRANCH 4. PURKINJE FIBERS |
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What is a normal sequence of an ECG called?
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A normal sinus rhythm. NSR
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Where does the exchange of gas occur?
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Between the environment and the blood.
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Explain the process of how the environment interacts with the blood.
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The lung transfers oxygen from the atmosphere to the alveoli, where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide. Then the alveoli transfer oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the blood through the alveolar capillary membrane.
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Ventilation is what?
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The process of moving gases in and out of the lungs.
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Why is regulation of respiration important?
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Its necessary to ensure sufficient oxygen intake and sufficient carbon dioxide elimination.
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Which regulators control the process of respiration?
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Neural and chemical regulators.
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What does neural regulation include?
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This includes the central nervous system control of respiratory rate, depth, and rhythm.
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What are some factors affecting oxygenation?
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Four factors influencing circulation, ventilation, perfusion, and transport of respiratory gases to the tissues
1) physiological 2) developmental 3) lifestyle 4) environmental |
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What are the general classifications of cardiac disorders?
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1. disturbances in conduction
2. impaired valvular function 3. myocardial hypoxia 4. cardiomyopathic conditions 5. peripheral tissue hypoxia |
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What are some respiratory disorders?
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1. hyperventilation
2. hypoventilation 3. hypoxia |
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What is decreased oxygen-carrying capacity?
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Ex: anemia
Hemoglobin carries the majority of the oxygen via blood to the tissues. Side Effects: fatigue |
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What is decreased?
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When the concentration of inspired oxygen declines, the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood decreases.
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What is hypervolemia?
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Conditions such as shock and severe dehydration cause extracellular fluid loss and reduced circulating blood volume.
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What are some conditions that affect chest wall movement?
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1. Pregnancy
2. Obesity 3. Musculoskeletal Abnormalities 4. Trauma 5. Neuromuscular diseases 6. Central Nervous System Alterations 7. Influences of Chronic Disease |
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What happens during left sided heart failure?
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You have a decreases function of the left ventricle, and this yields pooling of blood into the pulmonary circulation.
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What are some developmental factors to consider regarding the CVS and older adults?
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The changes are associated with calcification of the heart valves, SA node, and costal cartilages. The arterial system also develops artherosclerotic plaques. Osteoporosis also leads to changes in the size of the thorax. The trachea and large bronchi become enlarged from calcification of the airways. The alveoli enlarge, decreasing surface area available for gas exchange.
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