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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the systems (6) directly involved with the anatomy and physiology of Oxygenation ?
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Nervous
Hormonal (ADH) Metabolsim Respiratory Cardiovascular Electrolytes (Na, K, CL) |
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Define temp
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the balance of heat production and heat lost from the body.
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What temp is considered a fever?
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Fever= Temp greater than 100.4f
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How is temp calculated?
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Heat production - heat loss = body temp
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what is thermoregulation?
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balance between heat loss and heat production
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What happens in Thermoregulation?
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Autonomic sympathetic branch of ANS releases norepinephrine and epinephrine.
Stimulates diaphoresis Hypothalmus establishes a set point Posterior- heat conservation Anterior- heat loss |
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Cardivascular System:
Vasodilation Vasoconstriction |
too warm, superfical vessels dilate.
too cool, superficial vessels constrict |
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Thermoregulation:
Respiratory system: |
we excrete fluid through the lungs as we breathe. When body temp rises, we increase respiration
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Thermoregulation:
Biorythms |
Daily circadian rhythm cause flucuation in temp.
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Thermoregulation:
Enviroment: |
External temperatures directly affect body temp.
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Thermoregulation:
Hormones |
thyroxin,progesterone and testosterone increase metabolism and heat production.
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Thermoregulation:
What hormones increase metabolism and heat production? |
thyroxin, progesterone and testosterone.
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Hyperpyrexia
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fever
caused by body's inability to keep pace with excess heat production. results from alteration in set point. Increases temp, rr, pulse. |
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Fever (pyrexia):
what type of fevers can occur? |
Sustained
intermittent remittent relaspsing |
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Fever (pyrexia):
Sustained |
- 104 or higher for more than 24 hours. High fever that remains consistant.
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Fever (pyrexia):
intermittent |
A fever that alternates betweem a period of fever and period of normal.
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Fever (pyrexia):
remittent |
Fever changes but still is in febril range.
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Fever (pyrexia):
relaspsing |
body temp returns to normal for at least a day then fevers recurs.
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circadian rhythm
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Lower in the early morning than later in the afternoon and early evening
temp and bp |
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what are the Adult normal vital signs?
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98.6f or 36c
pulse 60 - 100 Rp 15-20 bp 120/80 |
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What are some factors affecting body temp?
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Age, gender,circadian rhythm, stress and environment
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afebril
fever (pyrexia) Febril |
without fever
increase above normal body temp. person with a fever |
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When its too cold our _______ initiates a temp rising mechanism resulting in _______ and increase metabolism.
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hypothalamus
vasoconstriction |
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When its too warm , heat loss mechanism causes______ and keeps the temp from increasing to harmfull levels.
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vasodilation
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antipyretic-
action begins? |
fever reducing drug such as asprin and acetaminophen
in 30 to 60mins resets and evelated set point regulated by hypothalamus. |
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What is normal for a child's/infant's temp?
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96-99.5
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In the elderly temp may indicate a change in ______.
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Health status
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Nursing consideration:
What are the non pharmacological cooling techniques? |
Evaporation
Conduction Convection Radiation |
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Evaporation
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is conversion from liquid to vapor
ex: bed bath |
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conduction
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transfer of heat to another object during direct contact
ice pack to skin, ice pack melts |
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Convection
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The movement of heat between areas of unequal density
a fan |
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Radiation
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the diffusion of heat by electomagnetic waves:
no wearing a hat in the cold, body looses heat through head. |
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Pulse
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is caused by the distension and recoil of an artery as blood moves throgh the circulatory system.
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What formula is used to calculate Cadiac output?
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SV x HR= CO
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Autonomic neurons produce _______ stimulation that increase heart rate.
_______ stimulation decrease HR. |
sympathetic
parasympathetic |
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Pulse: Hormones:
Epinephrine and Norepinepgrine affect _____ |
heart rate
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ADH affects __________.
Aldosterone affects ______ |
vascular volume
vascular volume |
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Renin causes _______.
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vasoconstriction
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Electrolytes:
Normal Values: K Na CA |
3.5 - 5
135 - 145 8.5 - 11 |
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Normal values:
ph PaCo2 PaO2 SaO2 Bicarbonate |
7.35 - 7.45
35 - 45 80 - 100 95 - 100 22-26 |
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Normal pulse values
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60 - 100
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Amplitude?
How is it documented? |
strenght of pulse
1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ Hardly none, subdue, like me, much more |
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pulse deficit
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the difference between the heart rate and the pulse rate in atrial fibrillation.
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What factors affect pulse?
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Exercise, gender,drugs,hemorrhage, postural change, pulmonary disease, temp and environment.
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Pulse normal ranges:
infant toddlers preschooler school age adolescent adult |
120 - 160
90 - 140 80 -110 70 - 100 60 - 90 60 - 100 |
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Respiration
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transport o2 from atmosphere to body cells, CO2 from body cells to atmosphere
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Phases of ventilation:
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Distribution
Diffusion Perfusion |
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Distribution
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air through lungs
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Diffusion
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gas to an area of lower concentration
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Perfusion
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RBC's Through the vascular bed
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The ____ _____ contains the autonomic control of breathing
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Medulla Oblongata
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The _____ ____ allows voluntary control of breathing.
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The cerebral cortex
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Increased metabolic activity increases oxygen demand by:
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fever, exercise .wound healing, pregnancy, hormones
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Bradypnea
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<12 BPM
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Hyperpnea
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> depth of respirations
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Cheyne stokes
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> rate and depth <rate and depth-apne
Death raddle |
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Kussaul's
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painting related to metabolic disturbance.
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What should be assessed in a Respiratory Assessment?
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Rhythm, quality, skin, cough should be noted (productive or non productive), shape of chest, activity tolerence and smoking history
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