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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ventilation |
Process of moving gases into and out of the lungs |
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Work of breathing |
Effort required to expand and contract the lungs |
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Inspiration |
Active process stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta |
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Expiration |
Passive process dependent on the elastic recoil properties of the lungs |
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Compliance |
Ability of the lungs to distend or to expand on response to increased intraalveolar pressure |
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Airway resistance |
Pressure difference between the mouth and the alveoli in relation to the rate of flow of inspired gas |
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Respiration |
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during cellular metabolism |
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Diffusion |
Moves the respiratory gases from one area to another according to concentration gradients |
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Tidal volume |
Amount of air exhaled after normal inspiration |
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Hyperventilation |
A state of ventilation in which the lungs remove CO2 faster than it is produced by cellular metabolism |
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What is the most common cause of hyperventilation? |
Anxiety |
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Hypoventilation |
Occurs when alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the O2 demand of the body or eliminate sufficient CO2 |
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What acid-base imbalance can be caused by hypoventilation? |
Respiratory acidosis |
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Hypoxia |
Inadequate tissue O2 at the cellular level |
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What are the early signs of hypoxia? |
Apprehension, restlessness, inability to concentrate, lowered level of consciousness, unable to lie flat, fatigue, agitation, increased blood pressure, increased respirations, and increased heart rate |
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Late signs of hypoxia |
Cyanosis, decreased respirations |
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Cyanosis |
Blue discoloration on the skin and mucous membranes caused by the presence of desaturated hemoglobin in capillaries |
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Fatigue |
Subjective sensation in which a patient reports a loss of endurance |
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Dyspnea |
Subjective sensation of difficult or uncomfortable breathing |
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Wheezing |
A high pitched musical sound caused by high velocity movement of air through a narrowed airway |
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How to promote lung expansion using positioning? |
Maintaining a semi-fowler's (head of bed raised 30-45 degrees) allows for thoracic expansion, improving gas exchange |
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Incentive spirometer |
Encourages voluntary deep breathing by providing visual feedback about inspirational volume |
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What is the goal of oxygen therapy? |
To relieve or prevent hypoxia |
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What is a nasal canula and what liter of oxygen can it deliver? |
A simple, comfortable device used for precise O2 delivery 1-6L/min, 24%-44% |
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What is a face mask and what liter of oxygen can it deliver? |
Plastic device that fits snuggly over the mouth and nose and is secured with a strap. 6-12L/min, 35%-50% |
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What is a Venturi mask and what liter of oxygen can it deliver? |
Delivers higher O2 concentrations 4-12L/min, 24%-60% |
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What is a non rebreather and what liter of oxygen can it deliver? |
Simple mask and reservoir bad should be at least 1/3-1/2 full on inspiration 10-15L/min, 60%-90% |
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Hemoptysis |
Bloody sputum |
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Which oxygen delivery device is most appropriate for COPD patients? |
Nasal cannula |
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Yaunker |
A hard suctioning device used for oral suctioning |
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Hypercapnia |
Excessive CO2 |
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How does hyperventilation affect metabolism? |
It increases metabolic demands |
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What must be done for post-op patients before administering oral medications? |
Their gag reflex should be checked to ensure that they are able to swallow |
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Atelectasis |
Collapsed alveoli |
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How much tubing can be added to an oxygen delivery system? |
Up to 50 feet |
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How to perform oropharyngeal suctioning |
Advance the catheter down the nose without applying suction. Once in place, plug hole to apply suction as you remove the tube |
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Tissue perfusion |
Ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs |
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Factors affecting oxygenation in infants and toddlers |
Risk for aspiration, URI, and second hand smoke |
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Factors affecting oxygenation in older adults |
Decrease in alveoli Decreased cough reflex |
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What effect does smoking have on oxygenation? |
Decreased cilia Increased sputum Vasoconstriction |
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What effect does alcohol have on oxygenation? |
Suppression of the respiratory center Increased risk of aspiration |
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What effect does stress have on oxygenation? |
Anxiety increases respiration rate Depression medications lower respirations |
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Signs and symptoms of hypoventilation |
Mental status changes Dysrhythmias Cardiac arrest |
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Signs and symptom of hyperventilation |
Rapid respirations Numbness in extremities Lowered LOC |
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Central cyanosis |
A sign of advanced hypoxia. Blue discoloration of the lips, tongue, and sublingual tissues |
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How is humidification typically used? |
With a bubbler for >3L |
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What kind of diet can be recommended for improved oxygenation? |
Low fat, high fiber |
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What kind of suction are UAPs allowed to perform? |
Oral suctioning only! |
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How should oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal suctioning be timed? |
Suction should last no longer than 10-15 seconds with 20-40 seconds between suctions |
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What is the purpose of incentive spirometry? |
To improve inhalation |
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What percentage oxygen is room air? |
21% |
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What percentages of oxygen do respiratory devices provide? |
22%-100% |
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What devices are low flow systems? |
Nasal cannula Simple face masks Partial rebreather masks Nonrebreather masks |
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What respiratory device is high flow? |
Venturi masks Some nasal cannulas |
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What are limitations to treating COPD patients with oxygen therapy? |
No greater than 2L Nonrebreather masks should not be used |
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Nasal cannula |
Mostly low flow system May be used for an extended time Can use 1-6L Usually applied with up to 4L Provides 24%-44% Doesn't always meet patient's total ventilation needs |
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Simple face mask |
Low flow system For short term use only Use 6-12L Do not use less than 5L Can provide 35-60% oxygen Ear soreness and skin breakdown |
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Partial rebreather mask |
Low flow system For short term use Use 6-10L Can provide 50-65% oxygen Purpose: to conserve oxygen by permitting it to be rebreathed from reservoir bag May lead to oxygen toxicity |
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Nonrebreather Masks |
Low flow system For short term use Use 10-15L Can provide 60-95% oxygen Purpose: prevents rebreathing expired gases May lead to oxygen toxicity |
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Venturi mask |
High flow system May be used for an extended time Use 4-12L Can provide 24-60% oxygen Purpose: delivers fixed amounts of oxygen to meet all ventilation needs |
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Which delivery system is the most precise? |
Venturi mask |
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Which delivery system is best for unstable COPD patients? |
Venturi mask |
