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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two reasons that there is a gradient present?
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1) membrane potential from the charge difference
2) pH gradient from the H+ concentration difference |
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how are electrons allowed to flow back into the matrix?
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through ATP Synthase, which forms ATP in the process
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what is the P/O a measure of?
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The number of high energy phosphate bonds formed (ATP formed)
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What is commonly used as a measure of Phosphorylation Efficiency?
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P/O Ratio
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What is the P/O Upper Llimit for NADH?
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2.5
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What is the P/O Upper Limit for FADH2?
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1.5
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Where is the pH lower?
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outside the matrix
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Where is the pH higher?
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inside the matrix
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where is there more H+?
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outside the matrix
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where is there less H+?
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inside the matrix
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where is the membrane potential higher?
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more positive on the outside by 1.4V
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what is a measure of how well the mitochondria is working
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Respiratory Control Index (RCI)
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What is present in a perfect "working mitochondria"
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NADH, O2, no membrane damage, no poisons
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what do the flat lines on the graph mean?
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that electron flow has stopped
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equation for RCI
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RCI = slope a (working mitochondria)/
slope b (resting mitochondria) |
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what needs to be added when electron flow stops to deplete the proton gradient?
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ADP
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what is the mitochondrial electron flow uncoupler?
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Dinitrophenol (DNP)
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How does DNP work?
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destroys the H+ gradient...brings protons back into the matrix as they are ejected by electron transport.
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What happens when you add ADP after DNP?
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Nothing because it can't use the proton gradient
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what is the inhibitor of ATP Synthase?
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Oligomycin
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what causes the conformational change in ATP Synthase?
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the proton flux
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Where does ATP synthesis occur?
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in the matrix
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What is BAT?
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Brown Adipose Tissue
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what proteins does BAT contain?
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Uncoupling Protein 1
Thermogenin |
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what is the function of Uncoupling Protein 1
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allows protons to re-enter the matrix without making any ATP- energy is released as HEAT
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does BAT have a low or high RCI?
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LOW!
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obese people have high or low levels of BAT?
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low levels
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what is BAT stimulated by?
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Cold and Over-eating
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