Owens Exam Ii A&pii

Front 1

What is an action potential?

Back 1

An event that alters the membrane potential

Front 2

Action potential is also known as an _________________ ________

Back 2

All or nothing principle

Front 3

Describe the steps involved in Depolorization.

Back 3

Neurotransmitter binds with receptor and opens ligand gated channels,Na+ flows into cell changing the membrane potential -70mV, Adding + molecules, increases to -50mV
-55mV is the threshold, once reached voltage gated channels open, Na+ rush in, changes charge to +30mV

Front 4

Describe repolarization.

Back 4

Na+ gates close, K+ gates open, K+ rush out of cell, Cell returns to - charge

Front 5

Describe hyperpolarization.

Back 5

Permeability of K+ last longer than needed to return to the resting membrane potential, results in an undershoot to about -85mV, makes it more difficult to reach the threshold -55mV

Front 6

Define refactory period.

Back 6

Absolute refractory period
Neuron cannot respond to another stimulus no matter how strong
Relative refractory period follows absolute refractory periodand the neuton can respond to an especially strong impulse.

Front 7

Name the two types of conduction

Back 7

Saltatory conduction - impulses that appear to leap from node to node
Continuous conduction - step by step depolarization of each adjacent area of the axon

Front 8

name two factors that would affect the speed of a nerve impulse.

Back 8

Diameter of the Axon
Myelinated axons are faster
(saltatory conduction)

Front 9

What are the 4 structural classification of neurons?

Back 9

1. # of processes found on cell
2.Multipolar neurons
3.Bipolar neurons
4.Unipolar neurons

Front 10

Define a multipolar neurons.

Back 10

several dendrites and one axon
( most common type )

Front 11

Describe a Bipolar neuron.

Back 11

one main dendrite and one axon.

Front 12

Name the 8 structures covering of the Spinal Cord.

Back 12

1. vertebrae
2. Epideral space (fat filled)
3. Dura mater(tough mother)
4. Subdural space (filled w/Innerstitial fluid)
5. Arachnoid (spider web of collagen)
6.Subarachnoid (filled w/CSF)
7. Pia mater(soft mother)
8. Denticulate ligaments (anchor)

Front 13

Name the 6 components of the Spinal Cord.

Back 13

1. 16-18 inches in length 3/4 inch in diameter
2. adult ends at the L2 vertebrae
3.newborn ends at L4 vertebrae
4.growth stops at age 5
5.Cervical enlargement (upper limbs)
6.Lumbar enlargement (lower limbs)

Front 14

Name the 4 Inferior parts of the Spinal Cord.

Back 14

1. Conus medularis(cone shaped end)
2. Filum terminale(threadlike extensions of pia mater)
3. Caudae equina(horses tail dorsal & ventral roots of lowest spinal nerves)
4.Spinal Segments(area of cord from which each pair of wpinal nerves arises

Front 15

How do spinal nerves begin?

Back 15

as roots

Front 16

Incoming sensory fibers enter the _______or ______root.

Back 16

Dorsal or posterior

Front 17

_______or +_______ root is the outgoing motor fibers.

Back 17

ventral or anterior

Front 18

Gray matter of the spinal cord is shaped like a butterfly.

Back 18

True

Front 19

_______ of the spinal cord contains neuron cell bodies, unmyelinated axons and dendrites.

Back 19

Gray matter

Front 20

Dorsal and ventral gray horns are located in the _______

Back 20

Gray matter of the spinal cord.

Front 21

Central canal is continuous with the __________ ventrical of the brain.

Back 21

4 th

Front 22

White matter is divided into ______ and _________.

Back 22

tracts and columns

Front 23

The three tracts of the white matter are.

Back 23

Ascending
Descending
Transversly

Front 24

Spinocerebellar, spinothalamic are parts of the _________ spinal cord.

Back 24

Ascending tracts

Front 25

Corticospinal and reticulospinal are parts of the __________ spinal cord.

Back 25

Descending tracts

Front 26

Colums of the spinal cord are also known as what?

Back 26

groups of tracts

Front 27

Spinal nerves have two kinds of neurons.

Back 27

sensory and motor

Front 28

The covering of the individual nerve endings is called.

Back 28

Endoneurium

Front 29

Covers fasicles of the axon.

Back 29

Perneurium

Front 30

Covering of the entire nerve.

Back 30

Epineurium

Front 31

The first branch of the sponal nerve which supplies the back and intercostal muscles.

Back 31

Rami

Front 32

Spinal nerves are named from the segment of the spinal cord from which they emerge. T or F

Back 32

True

Front 33

Cranial nerves exit from the ________.

Back 33

brain

Front 34

There are 8 pairs of cervical nerves name them.

Back 34

C1-C2-C3-C4-C5-C6-C7-C8

Front 35

There are 12 pairs of thoracic nerves, name them.

Back 35

T1-T2-T3-T4-T5-T6-T7-T8-T9-T10-T11-T12

Front 36

Name the 5 pairs of Lumbar nerves.

Back 36

L1-L2-L3-L4-L5

Front 37

Name the 5 pairs of Sacral nerves.

Back 37

S1-S2-S3-S4-S5

Front 38

How many coccygeal nerves are there?

Back 38

one pair

Front 39

Area of skin supplied by one spinal nerve is called a __________'

Back 39

Dermatome

Front 40

Damaged are of spinal cord can be distinguished by patterns of numbness over a ___________ region.

Back 40

Dermatome

Front 41

Name the 4 networks of the Plexus.

Back 41

Cervical, Brachial, Lumbar,Sacral

Front 42

The spinal nerves that supply the skin, muscles of the head, neck upper shoulders and chest.

Back 42

Cervical Plexus

Front 43

The spinal nerve that provides entire nerve supply for the shoulders and upper limbs.

Back 43

Brachial Plexus

Front 44

The spinal nerve that supplies the anteoateral abdominal wall and part of the lower limbs.

Back 44

Lumbar Plexus

Front 45

The nerve that supplies the buttocks, perinium, and the lower limbs. Also, the sciatic nerve * largest nerve in the body.

Back 45

Sacral Plexus

Front 46

Automatic response to change in the environment.

Back 46

Spinal Reflexes

Front 47

Integration center for the spinal reflexes is _______ matter of spinal cord.

Back 47

gray