Overview Of Key Terms, Chapters 21-24

Front 1

What does adaptation mean?

Back 1

Adaptation means any structure, behavior or internal process that enables an organism to respond to stimuli and better survive in an environment.

Front 2

What are the shared characteristics of plants?

Back 2

multicellular eukaryotes
produce own food through photsynthesis
cells walls made of cellulose
have a waxy coating called a cuticle

Front 3

What is a cuticle?

Back 3

The waxy, waterproof coating on the stems and leaves of most plants.

Front 4

What type of algae did plants most probably evolve from?

Back 4

filamentous, GREEN algae because both have cell walls with cellulose and they have the same types of chlorophyll.

Front 5

When did plants first appear on Earth?

Back 5

440 million years ago

Front 6

What is a leaf?

Back 6

a plant organ that grows from the stem and is usually where photosynthesis occurs.

Front 7

What do roots do?

Back 7

Absorb water and minerals from the soil, transport the nutrients to the stem and anchor the plant in the ground.

Front 8

What is the function of the stem?

Back 8

It is the plant organ that provides supports for growth, contains tissues for transporting food, water and other materials to different parts of the plant.

Front 9

What are vascular tissues and vascular plants?

Back 9

Vascular tissues are made of tubelike, elongated cells through which water, food and other materials are transported. Most plants are vascular plants.

Front 10

What are nonvascular plants?

Back 10

They are mosses and hornworts and liverworts, have no vascular tissue and nutrients travel by osmosis and diffusion.

Front 11

What three things are part of a plant seed?

Back 11

protective covering, embryo and food supply. All conifers and flowering plants are seed plants.

Front 12

What are the two stages in the plants life cycle?

Back 12

Gametophyte and Sporophyte

Front 13

What happens in the gametophyte generation?

Back 13

Meiosis
the development of the gametes

Front 14

What happens in the sporophyte generation?

Back 14

Mitosis and cell division

Front 15

What are the hard-walled reproductive cells of non-seed plants called?

Back 15

spores

Front 16

Non-seed plants include vascular and non-vascular organisms, true or false?

Back 16

true

Front 17

What plants might be the ancestors of all plants?

Back 17

liverworts

Front 18

What are the two kinds of liverworts?

Back 18

thallose liverworts and leafy liverworts.

Front 19

What plant family do liverworts belong to?

Back 19

Hepaticophyta

Front 20

What are the characteristics of liverworts?

Back 20

flattened bodies that look like animal livers, non-vascular plants that grow in moist environment, water and nutrients mover by osmosis and diffusion.

Front 21

What is the common name for Anthocerophyta?

Back 21

hornworts, these are non-vascular plants, grow in moist environment, osmosis for nutrients.

Front 22

What is the common name for Bryophyta

Back 22

Moss: they are non vascular, rely on osmosis and diffusion to transport nutrients BUT some mosses have elongated cells that can transport water and sugar.

Front 23

What is the common name for Psilophyta?

Back 23

whisk ferns: unique VASCULAR plants, they have NO ROOTS and NO LEAVES.

Front 24

What is the common name for Lycophyta

Back 24

club moss: VASCULAR, most environment, have stems, roots and leaves. They are ancient plants and their fossils are the source for coal.

Front 25

What is the common name for Arthrophyta?

Back 25

Horsetails, VASCULAR, hollow, jointed stems, leaves have silica deposits. Primarily fossils but a few still living, used to be huge plants.

Front 26

What is the common name for Pterophyta?

Back 26

Ferns: VASCULAR, NON-SEED, leaves called FRONDS, there are many varieties and the fronds can grow very large.

Front 27

Which is a better way for plants to reproduce in a dry environment, seed or spore?

Back 27

Seed

Front 28

What are cycadophyta?

Back 28

SEED PLANT, palm like, they produce CONES which are scaly structures that support the male or female reproductive structures. The female cone makes seeds, the male cone makes pollen. Cycads grow in tropical environments, unbranched trunk.

Front 29

What are gnetophyta?

Back 29

There are three general of gnetophytes-they can grow in tropics or arid desert, they can be vines or low growing, they produces seeds in conelike structures.

Front 30

What are Ginkgophya?

Back 30

One living species, the Ginkgo biloba tree, small fan like leaves, STINKY female seeds, often plant the male ginkgo in cities.

Front 31

What are Coniferophyta?

Back 31

Conifers: VASCULAR, produce seeds in CONES, you identify the type of conifer by either the cones or the needles.

Front 32

What are Anthophyta?

Back 32

Flowering plants: largest, most diverse seed plant group on earth, produce flowers which turn into fruits and the seeds are in the fruit

Front 33

How do non-vascular plants reproduce?

Back 33

Spores

Front 34

For non-vascular plants, which generation is dominant?

Back 34

Gametophyte

Front 35

What are the three divisions of non-vascular plants?

Back 35

Bryophyta, Hepaticophyta and Anthocerophyta

Front 36

What are the dominant plant species in the Earth's ancient forests?

Back 36

non-seed vascular plants

Front 37

What do vascular tissues enable vascular plants to do better than non-vascular plants?

Back 37

grow taller

Front 38

What are the three divisions of the non-seed vascular plants?

Back 38

Lycophyta, Arthrophyta and Pterophyta

Front 39

What three things do seeds do?

Back 39

supply food for the young plant; protect the embryo during harsh conditions; provide methods of dispersal.

Front 40

What are the four divisions of vascular plants that produce naked seeds?

Back 40

Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta, Ginkgophyta and coniferophyta

Front 41

What are the special characteristics of Anthophyta?

Back 41

Produce flowers and have seeds enclosed in a fruit.

Front 42

What are the two purposes of fruits?

Back 42

protection for the seeds and aid in dispersal of the seeds.

Front 43

What dertermines whether the anthophyte is a moncot or a dicot?

Back 43

The number of cotyledons in the seed. Monocots have one seed leaf, dicots have two. Cotyledons are seed leaves.

Front 44

What are the three types of anothphytes based on when they bloom?

Back 44

Annuals, biennials or perennials.

Front 45

What three types of cells are most plants composed of?

Back 45

parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, and sclerenchyma cells

Front 46

What is the plant's protective covering called?

Back 46

Dermal tissue

Front 47

What does Xylem do in plants?

Back 47

Move water and dissolved materials up from the roots and throughout the plant

Front 48

What does Phloem do in plants?

Back 48

Transport sugars and organic compounds throughout the plant.

Front 49

What does ground tissue do in plants?

Back 49

Functions in food production and storage.

Front 50

How does most plant cell tissue grow?

Back 50

Through meristematic tissue

Front 51

What is the function of roots?

Back 51

Anchor plants and contain vascular tissue.

Front 52

What do root hairs do?

Back 52

absorb water, oxygen and dissolved minerals.

Front 53

What does the root cap do?

Back 53

Covers and protects each root tip.

Front 54

What do stems do?

Back 54

provide support, contain vascular tissue and produce leaves.

Front 55

Some stems of plants are underground, true or false?

Back 55

True

Front 56

What part of the plant undergoes photosynthesis?

Back 56

Leaves

Front 57

What is a stoma?

Back 57

an opening in the leaf epidermis

Front 58

What is the stoma surrounded by?

Back 58

Two guard cells

Front 59

What does the stoma do?

Back 59

It takes in and releases gases.

Front 60

What are veins in plants?

Back 60

Bundles of vascular tissues.

Front 61

What do plant hormones do?

Back 61

Affect plant growth and functions.

Front 62

What are tropisms?

Back 62

Growth responses to external stimuli.

Front 63

What causes nastic responses?

Back 63

Changes in cell pressure.

Front 64

Which generation is dominant in mosses?

Back 64

gametophyte

Front 65

What is required for fertilization on the gametophyte?

Back 65

A film of water

Front 66

What develops on the fern gametophyte?

Back 66

Archegonia and antheridia

Front 67

What generation is dominant in ferns?

Back 67

Sporophyte

Front 68

Confiers have cones in which a male or female gametophyte forms, true or false?

Back 68

True

Front 69

Where do the sperm nuclei form in conifers?

Back 69

pollen grains

Front 70

Where do the eggs form in conifers?

Back 70

ovules

Front 71

In conifers, what protects the embryo?

Back 71

The seed

Front 72

What are the four organs that make up flowers?

Back 72

sepals, petals, stamens and pistils.

Front 73

what is the difference between complete and incomplete flowers?

Back 73

complete have all four organs, incomplete have less than four.

Front 74

What does photoperiodism mean with respect to flowers?

Back 74

response of flowers to daylight/darkness

Front 75

What are the 4 types of photoperiod responses for flowers?

Back 75

short-day, long-day, day-neutral and intermediate

Front 76

Where does the male gametophyte develop from in a flower?

Back 76

A MICROSPORE in the ANTHER.

Front 77

Where does the female gametophyte develop from in a flower?

Back 77

MEGASPORE in the OVULE.

Front 78

Where does double fertilization occur?

Back 78

Sperm nucleus joins with an egg to form a zygote. The second sperm nucleus joins the central cell to form ENDOSPERM.

Front 79

Seed can stay dormant for a long time before they germinate, true or false?

Back 79

True