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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of the GI Tract
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Ingestion and propulsion of food
Digestion - physical and chemical breakdown of food (in sm. intestine) Absorption - transfer of end prod. of digestion across the intestinal wall to circulation Excretion - defecation is a reflex action involving both voluntary and involuntary control |
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GI System
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Mouth
Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum, anus |
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Accessory Organs
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Salivary glands
Liver Gallbladder Pancreas |
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Layers of Tissue
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From lower 1/3 of esophagus to rectum:
Mucosa-surface layer of epithelium, rich in blood and lymphatic vessels, secretes enzymes and mucous Submucosa-rich in blood and lymphatic vessels |
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Layers of Tissue
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Muscularis - two layers of muscle, one way contractions=peristalsis
Serosa - outermost layer formed by the peritoneum |
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Secretory cells of stomach
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Chief cells - secrete pepsinogen which converts to pepsin to help break down food and increase acid
Parietal cells - secrete HCL, H2O, and intrinsic factor |
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Secretory cells of stomach
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HCL protects against ingested organisms and intrinsic factor promotes absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine
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Effects of Aging
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Mouth-decreased taste buds, gums, dentition, dry mouth from SE of meds, disease
Esophagus - decreased tone and motility Stomach - decreased HCL, reflux, food intolerance, delayed emptying |
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Effects of Aging
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Intestines - slower motility d/t decreased activity, SE of meds, laxative abuse
Liver - decreased size and lower in position Large intestine, Rectum and Anus - decreased tone |
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Assessment
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Past health history
Current medications Previous surgery or other treatments Health perception Nutritional-metabolic pattern Elimination pattern |
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Assessment of Patterns
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Activity-exercise
Sleep-rest Cognitive-perceptual Self-concept Role-relationship Sexuality-reproductive Coping-stress Value-belief |
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Assessment (Physical Exam)
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Inspection mouth, abdomen, rectum
Auscultation abdomen-4 quadrants 1-2 min. Percussion abdomen - 4 quadrants Palpation abdomen - 4 quadrants |
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Prevention (know this slide!)
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Annual physical
AGE 40 (ACS recommendations) Fecal Occult Blood annually DRE annually |
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Prevention (know this slide!)
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AGE 50
Sigmoidoscopy every 5 years Colonoscopy every 10 years Barium enema every 5 years More frequent testing if high risk |
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Diagnostic Studies
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Description and Nursing Responsibilities
See Handout |
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Nursing Diagnosis
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*Potential risk for Aspiration
*Potential for Altered Nutrition *Potential Constipation actual or perceived *Potential Diarrhea |
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Plan and Implement
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*Reduce risk factors: meds, diet, activity, etc.
*Teach prevention and early detection: follow ACS guidelines *Teach nutritional considerations |
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Evaluation
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*Outcomes for teaching
*Outcomes for screening *Outcomes for reduction of risk |
