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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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China controls what two other places?
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China controls Hong Kong and Macau
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Who are the Administrative Divisions
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People’s Republic of China (PRC)
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What are the two major dialect of China?
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Mandarin and Cantonese
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What are the two major types of cultures?
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Nomadic people & the more suituated and assimilated intensive agriculture socities
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What are some physical geography of China?
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Physical environment a double-edged sword.
Harsh environment made it difficult for foreigners to invade, but also made it difficult for Central China to control indigenous groups Covers 5.9 million sq. miles. Long coast line (11, 160 miles) |
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What rivers flow through China and where?
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Yellow River runs near Beijing
Yangtze River flows south China parallel to Yellow River |
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Why is China able to utilize vast fertile land?
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Wet-rice agriculture
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Hainan (Down south of China and South East Asia)
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Island of Hainan
Hainan Provence |
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Who are the Homo erectus (foragers)
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Dates back 1 million years who traveled from Africa through South East Asia. Remains found south of Beijing
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Evidence of fire ~500,000 yrs. ago, what is the importance of it?
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1. Protection from wild animals
2. Used for cooking meat (easier to digest) 3. Provided light, more socializing |
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What happen during the era of Homo Sapiens?
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Homo Sapiens found in southern China about 67,000 years ago
Agriculture appeared ~10,000 years ago Yang Shao cultures 6,000-7,000 years ago. Had villages, cemeteries, painted poetry |
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What is the tonal language of China?
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Sino-Tibetan Family
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What is the major and minor dialect?
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~70% speak Mandarin (“common speech” or Northern dialect).
Mainland China & Taiwan uses Mandarin Rest are less than 10%, notably Cantonese (5%) South Hong Kong uses Cantonese (British Rule) |
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What year push towards a national language?
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1911
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What year push toward unification by a common language?
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1919, dictionary published to show the “elegant, correct, and popular” national language
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When is the first evidence of written Chinese?
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Shang Dynasty (1600-1028 BCE)
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What is the Chinese script?
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Symbol of a unified cultural tradition. Not based on sounds or phonetics (such as Latin)
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What are the 2 important features of having a non-phonetic language?
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1. Enabled Chinese to believe that their language was uniform and timeless
2. Allows people of different languages to understand more easily |
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What is the Complexity and Simplification of Chinese language?
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Consists of characters that convey concepts (1-64 strokes).
Kangxi dialect contained ~47,035 characters. “Literacy” means knowledge of ~2,000 characters |
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Which dynasty unified China, standardized characters?
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221 BCE Qing Dynasty
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What happen in 1950s?
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China simplified language, made it more accessible
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What is the Social Status Hierarchy?
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1. Emperor & his family
a. Emperor is at top of social status (Mandate from Heaven that the emperor would rule China). Power transferred to sons 2. Literati (Gentry), Farmer, Merchant, Artisan 3. Actors and Actresses 4. Slaves (aren’t considered part of “real” society) |
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What state exam was difficult for scholars to study?
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Confucian-based state exam
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What happen to school system in 1905?
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traditional exams were abandoned to a more modern educational system & colleges opened up
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In 1911, government took control of education because of this?
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1 of 40 Chinese attended school
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What year did the communist took over of China?
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1949
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Education became what in China?
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A venue for making political statement rather than a way to learn
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When communist took over in 1949 how did they go with their ideology?
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They kept the ideology of keeping peasants superior over old elites
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When and which dynasty is the 1st prehistoric dynasty?
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2200-1600 BCE. Xia Dynasty
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When and what happen during Shang Dynasty?
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1600-1028 BCE
1st written records, agricultural-based society? |
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When and what happen during Qin Dynasty?
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221-206 BCE
Standardizes writing style, weights & measures |
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When and what happen during the Period of Division?
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220-581 CE
China waged war relentlessly with neighbors |
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When and what happen during Song Dynasty?
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907-1279 CE
Reunited China. Great inventions pushed China ahead of Europeans by 2 Centuries. Iron & steel making, printing process & trade. |
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When and what happen during Yuan dynasty?
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1280-1368 CE
Mongol Rule (1st non-Chinese ruler). Empire of the Great Khan (Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan) |
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Who made contact with China in late 1700s and with what?
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British with opium
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What was the caused of the first opium war?
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China prohibited opium trade and destroyed British supplies of opium
Britain sees this as a cause for war and sends ships to bomb South East coat of China in 1840 |
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China gives Hong Kong to British in what year?
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1842, Treaty of Nanking
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How long did British control Hong Kong?
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1842-1997
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Who took control of Taiwan and for how long?
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Japan control, 1895-1945
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After WW2, who gained control of Taiwan from the Japanese in 1945?
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Republic of China
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After gaining control of Taiwan Republic of China lost control of what and to who?
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Mainland China to Chinese Communist Party (PRC)
4 years later in 1949 aka “Formosa” |
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What happen after WW1?
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China divided in 3 ways:
Japan took control and wanted to make China its colony Communist Party created in 1921 trying to take back China from Japan Chang Kai Shek emerged as leader of People’s Party |
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Who was the leader during The Historical Present?
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1949: Mao Zedong, leader of Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
Promised to clean up cities of Create private land ownership Started collectivization |
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People’s Republic of China was formed in what year?
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1949
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When and what happen during the Cultural Revolution (Mao Zedong)?
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1966-1968: Accepted Mao’s word as absolute
Local official who wanted promotions, blind loyalty Chinese peasants’ acceptance of local authority |
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When was the Transition to Socialism?
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1953-1957
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When and what happen during The Great Leap Forward?
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1958-1960: Created by Mao Zedong
Transform China from an agrarian economy into a modern communist society through the process of: Industrialization & Collectivization (everyone share the benefits) Moved city people to farm to make steel --> led famine; 20-30 million ppl. died |
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When and what happen during the Readjustment and Recovery period?
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1961-1965: Moderate leadership in response to Mao’s hard-line policies
Reorganization of the commune system Realistic development, not ideological fervor |
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When and what happen during the Cultural Revolution (Mao’s Vengeance)?
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1966-1976: Mao wanted a more decentralized government. “Purify” party from intellectuals. Used urban students to attack local leaders (Red Guards, young Mao loyalists); 60% of officials were purged.
Mao died in 1976. Any uprising or revolutionaries were crushed. China was comfortable between new capitalism and political conservatism. |
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What is the social structure of China?
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Land went to oldest song of main wife (b/c of concubines)
Daughters became property of husband’s family and inherit nothing. A “bridal gift” is given to bride’s family as compensation |
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During the 4th Century BC, how did state tried to limit family size?
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Taxing families if 2 or more adult sons lived with sons
Fathers, sons, & brothers couldn’t live in the same room. Disproportionately affected poor people. |
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How is the family role in China?
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Patrilineal. Mother side considered to be related through law (“outside” or “foreign”); father’s side considered to be “blood” relatives
Couples may find each other or families may be matchmakers 1. Live w/ husband’s family |
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What is ancestor worship?
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Offerings that preserve link to the dead. A family’s fortune or misfortune is tied to ancestors, so have to continually give offerings
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What two government policies had huge impacts on family?
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1. The individual responsibility is first to the country
2. One child per family policy (1981). Boys preferred |
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What is the ethnicity of China?
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Multiethnic China:
o Han Chinese (constitute 94%). Minorities often considered “barbarians” China’s Minority Policies: o While only 6% are minorities, they’re vital to national security. o In 1960s, 56 official ethnic groups recognized Tibetan Minorities: o 1950s. Mao wanted to take over this region; Dalai Lama & his followers fled |
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What is the Chinese religious experience?
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Daoism
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What is Daoism based on?
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Based on teachings of Lao Tzu, 20 years older than Confucius
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What are the two concepts of Lao Tzu?
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1. Path or Road
2. That the universe is predictable and systematic. There’s an order. But there’s a reality behind this certainty that is unknowable & unpredictable. “The unnamable is the source of the universe…” |
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What does Daoism practice?
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1. Could achieve long life through maintaining one’s life forces (hygiene): controlled breathing and exercises
2. There’s a natural connection between humans and the universe 3. Care for orphans, elderly, sick, young |
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What other religion is in China?
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Confucian and Buddhism
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What is Confucian?
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o Confucius lived in trouble times
o Heaven, Earth & Humans made a triangle and were indivisible. One affects all 3. o Doesn’t involve supernatural or spiritual beings; but it’s an ethical system considered part of Chinese culture (No God) |
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What is Buddhism?
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o A force for 2,000 years. Missionaries from India & Central Asia. Well assimilated into Chinese culture
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The government of China recognizes which 5 religions?
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1. Buddhism
2. Daoism 3. Catholicism 4. Protestantism 5. Islam |
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What and when is "The Unknown Rebel?"
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(June 5, 1989): Protestor faced by a column of tanks during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.
o Led by student, focused on the corruption of China |
