Overview

Front 1

What is the DSM definition of mental disorder?

Back 1

Clinically significant behavioural/psychological pattern

1. Distress

2. Dysfunction (internal; causes impairment every day activities)

3. Deviance (not culturally appropriate/normal response to event)

4. Danger (socially/culturally harmful)

- What is the CAUSE?

Front 2

What are the two classification systems for mental disorders that reflect the medical model?

Back 2

1. Internal Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD)
- ICD-10

2. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

- DSM-5

Front 3

What is the ultimate goal of medical classification?

Back 3

Diagnosis based on KNOWN CAUSATION

E.g. 'syndrome' is only a 'disease' when we know its cause
AIDS was a syndrome until discovery HIV

Front 4

Name the 4 assumptions of the medical model

Back 4

1. Illness is qualitatively different from health (e.g. leg is broken or not broken vs. a little broken)

2. Different illnesses are clearly distinguishable from each other (e.g. Alzheimer's, cancer)

3. Different illnesses occur independently from each other

4. Different illnesses have specific, identifiable causal agents (specific to illness, respond to specific treatment)

Front 5

Name the 4 assumptions of the psychoanalytic model

+what's a patient implication of this?

Back 5

1. No clear dividing line between normal & abnormal states; contiuum (vs. medical model)

2. Included conditions other than psychotic states (e.g. anxiety, depression, phobias)

3. No dividing line between different categories of mental disorders

4. No 'causal agent' (vs. medical model)

Implication: extended client base to milder conditions (vs. just the severe cases e.g. schizophrenics)

Front 6

Describe the DSM 1 & DSM 2

+influence

+reliability
+validity

Back 6

Strongly influenced by psychoanalytic model

Problematic reliability: inter-rater reliability

- Two mental health professionals need to agree they are measuring same thing
- Difficult without definition e.g. is guilt necessary, how long?

Problematic validity: is this really what 'depression' is?

- Based unproven aetiology depression

Front 7

Describe the DSM 3
+influence
+cause
+diagnosis

+reliability/validity
+aim

Back 7

Influenced by medical model

- No theoretical assumptions about causation, if cause not known, describe symptoms

- Clear criteria for diagnosis

- Improved inter-rater reliability
- Improved validity

Aim: identify groups of symptoms, each reflecting specific cause

Front 8

Name the 4 mindfulness-based models
+ what do they add?

Back 8

1. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)

2. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)

3. Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT)

4. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

Add extra layer to CBT

Front 9

Describe the cognitive-behavioural model

Back 9

Dominant model

Cognition & behaviour influence each other

Cognitive (restructuring, questioning perceptions/judgements/beliefs)

Behavioural (based on learning theory, reward & punishment facilitates new learning)

Front 10

What makes a treatment specific?

Back 10

At least two RCTs must demonstrate treatment is superior to:

- placebo pill/psychotherapy

- other treatment

OR

Equivalent to already establishment treatment

Front 11

What makes a treatment efficacious & probably efficacious

Back 11

Efficacious: At least two experiments show treatment is superior to wait-list control group (vs. placebo for specificity)

Probably efficacious: supported by one research group, awaiting replication

Front 12

What characteristics make for a good experimental design?

Back 12

1. Random allocation participants to treatment groups

2. Blind (participants don't know which group they are in) OR better, double blind (therapist blind)

3. Experiments conducted with treatment manuals/clear description (precise replication, no misunderstandings)

4. Characteristics of samples must be specified (e.g. SAD experiment, make sure all participants carefully diagnosed, may exclude people with co-morbidities)

5. Characteristics of therapists must be specified

6. Effects must be demonstrated by 2 different investigators (experimental bias)

7. Clinical trials registered in public registry (bias in publications)

Front 13

What are the 3 interrelated anxiety systems?

Back 13

1. Physical system

- Fight/flight: sympathetic nervous system

- Symptoms: sweating, heart rate, breath change, trembling, uneasy stomach

2. Cognitive system

- Perception of threat

- Attentional shift & hyper vigilance

- Everything not essential for survival 2nd

- Difficult concentrate other info

3. Behavioural system

- Escape/avoidance (best)

- Aggression (second)

Front 14

Name the 3 different eliciting conditions of anxiety

Back 14

1. Realistic/objective threat to self: physical vs. social threat

2. Specific 'prepared' stimuli: insects, animals, enclosed spaces etc.

3. Novel stimuli: don't know if it's dangerous/what to expect (e.g. first day work, meeting new people)

Front 15

How does threat appraisal elicit anxiety?

Back 15

1. Threat appraisal (situation & outcome)

2. Expectancy of harm (perceived probability & perceived cost)

- Past experience (learning theory, conditioning & rft)

- Observational learning

- Instruction

3. Elicits anxiety

Front 16

What are the characteristics of abnormal anxiety vs. normal anxiety

Back 16

Not qualitatively different (same 3 aspects) BUT quantitatively different

- Excessive/inappropriate

- Overestimation of threat

- Cost/probability harmful outcome

- Physical fear: probability overestimation

- Social fear: cost overestimation

Front 17

Name the DSM-5 Anxiety Disorders (7)

Back 17

1. Agoraphobia

2. Social Anxiety Disorder (social phobia)

3. Generalised Anxiety Disorder

4. Separation Anxiety

5. Selective Mutism

6. Panic Disorder

7. Specific Phobia