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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Repression and Reaction formation
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Associated with Freud, defense mechanisms, serve to deny or distort reality
repression: id's drives and needs are excluded from conscious awareness by maintaining in the unconscious Reaction formation: avoiding an anx evoking instict by expressing it's opposite |
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Adler
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Inferiority feelings, striving for superiority, style of life, social interest
mental disorders=mistaken style of life lifestyle investigation Systematic Training for Effective Teaching: behaviors have goals (attn, power, revenge, display deficiency) which reflect a desire to belong, acc. by faulty beliefs about what it takes to belong |
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Jung
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personal and collective unconscious
archetypes: the persona, shadow, anima and animus individuation= integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of one psyche, leading to the dev't of unique identity transference=projections of the personal and collective unconscious and analysis is cruicial part of therapy |
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Gestalt therapy
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self and self-image
boundary disturbances (disturbance in the boundary between the seflf and the external environment): introjection, projection, retroflection, confluence avoid diagnostic lbels transference=bad; distortion of reality |
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Prochaska's transtheoretical model (stages of change)
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1)precontemplation-little insight, does not intend to change
2)contemplation-aware of the need to change, is considering change in the next 6 months, but not committed to it 3)preparation-clear intent to take action within the next month 4) action: takes steps to change 5) maintenance: bx change has lasted for at least 6 mos, person is tking steps to prevent relapse |
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Extended Family Systems Therapy
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Bowen
bx disorders result from multigenerational transmission that result in progressively lower levels of differentiation (ability to separate intellectual and emotional functioning) use of the genogram |
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Structural Family Therapy
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Minuchin
power hierarchies, subsystems boundaries; disengaged or enmeshed 3 chronic boundary problems (rigid triads): 1) detouring (parents focus on child and overprotect or blame/scapegoat) 2)stable coalition 3)triangulation (unstable coalition) therapist uses technique of joining |
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Strategic Family Therapy
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combination of the communication/interaction and structural schools of thought
emphasize the role of communication therapist takes on an active,take charge role, issues directives (assignments) |
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Milan Systemic Family Therapy
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circular patterns of action and reaction
use of therapeutic team hypothesizing, neutrality, paradox, circular questions |
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Health Belief Model
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Health bxs are influence by the persons readiness to take action which is related to his perceived susceptability to the illenss and the perceived severity of the consequences; the person's evaluation of the benefits and costs of making a particular response; the internal and external "cues to action" that trigger the response
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Mental Health consultation
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1) client-centered: work with the consultee to develop a plan that will enable the consultee to work more effectively with a particular client; Expert model
2)consultee-centered: enhance the consultee's performance (skills, knowledge, abilities or objectivity--theme interference) 3)program-centered administrative consultation: working with one or more administrators (consultees) to resolve problems related to an existing program 4)consultee-centered administrative consultation: help administrators improve their progession functioning |
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Howard's Phase Model
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1) Remoralization-improve feelings of hopelessness and despartion in first few sessions
2)remediation-focus on symptoms, sx releif usually requires about 16 sessions 3)rehabilitation: unlearning maladaptive bxs. |
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Dose Dependant Effect
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More therapy improves outcomes but levles off at about 26 sessions (75% improve) at 53 (85% improve)
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cultural competence
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1)awareness
2)knowledge 3)skills |
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emic vs. etic
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emic=culture-specific theories, concepts,and research strategies
etic=phenomena that reflect universal (culture general) orientation |
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cultural vs. functional paranoia
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cultural=healthy
functional=psychopathology |
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Acculturation
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1)integration
2)assimilation-accepts majority culture, reliquishes own 3)separation-withdraws from dominant culture and accepts own culture 4)marginalization-doesn't identify with majority or own culture |
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Racial/Cultural Identity Model
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1)conformity (positive attitudes and pref for majority culture, deprecation of own group)
2)dissonance (confusion and conflict; see problems as being related to racial identity issues) 3)resistance and immersion (reject dominant society, perceive personal problems as result of oppression) 4)introspection (uncertainty about the rigid beliefs of stage 3; prefer therapist of same group but open to therapists who share same worldview) 5)integrative awareness (strong personal cultural identity, desire to eliminate all forms of oppression, similarity in world view is the most important thing in a therapist) |
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Black Racial Identity Model (Nigrescence)
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1)preencounter (whites seen as ideal, blacks denigrated; prefer white counselor)
2)encounter (awareness, interest in dev'p an AA id; prefer a black therapist) 3)immersion/emersion (initially idealizes AAs and denigrates whites, towards the end is less emotionally immersed and moving toward internalization of id) 4)internalization/commitment (AA worldview, may exhibit health cultural paranoia) |
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White Racial Identity
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1) contact (little awareness, unsophisticated, possibly racist views)
2)disintegration (increasing contact with AA; confusion, ambivalence, may overid with AAs or retreat into white society) 3)reintegration (accepts racist views) 4)pseudo-independence (a personally jarring event causes the person to question views or recognize that whites have a responsibility for racism) 5)immmersion-emersion (exploration of the meaning of being white) 6)autonomy (internalizes a positive, nonracist white id, that includes appreciation and respect for other cultures) |
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Homosexual ID dev't
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1)sensitization/feeling different
2)self-recognition/identity confusion (attraction to same sex leasds to turmois and confusion) 3)identity assumption (bx in stereotypical ways or try to "pass") 4)commitment/identity integration (out, adopted a homosexual WOL) |
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Stages of Alzheimers
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Stage 1: one to three years, anterograde amnesia (esp for declarative memories), deficits in visual-spatial skills (wandering), indifference, irritability and sadness, anomia (difficulty naming familiar objects)
Stage 2: 2 to 10 years, increasing retrograde amnesia, flat or labile mood, restlessness and agitation, delusions, fluent aphasia, acalculia, and ideomotor apraxia (inability to translate and idea into movement) Stage 3: 8 to 12 years, severely deteriorated intellectual functioning, apathy, limb rigidity, incontinence |
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Learned Helplessness Model
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tendency to attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global factors...later versions deemphasize the role of attributions and instead describe depression as being related to a sense of hopelessness
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Rehm's Self-Control Model
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Depression is related to a combination of self-monitoring, self-evaluation and self-reinforcement. Depressed ppl attend to negative events and immediate outcomes; fail to make accurate internal attributions and set stringent criteria for self evaluation; low rates of self-reinforcemtn and high rates of self-punishment
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Beck's Depressive Cognitive Triad
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negative, illogical self-statements about oneself, the workd, and the future.
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Bipolar I vs. Bipolar II
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I requires a full manic episode, not necessary to have had a major depressive episode
II requires at least one MDE, and one Hypomanic episode I is equally common in males and females; II is more common in females |
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Acute Stress Disorder vs. PTSD
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acute=sx must occur within 4 weeks of trauma, sxs must last 2 day but less than 4 weeks
PTSD=sx can have delayed onset; sxs are for 1+ months |
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Brief Psychotic Disorder vs. Schizophreniform Disorder vs. Schizophrenia
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Brief=one day to one month with return to premorbid functioning, follows an overwhelming stressor
Schizophreniform=nearly identicle to schizophrenia but distubance is 1 month to less than 6 months; may end up diagnosed with schizophrenia Schizophrenia=continuous disturbance for 6 + months, with at least one month of 2+ active phase symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic bx, negative sxs) |
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Hypomanic vs. Manic episode
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Hypomanic=at least 4 days of elevated/expansive/irritable mood but does not cause marked impairment in functioning or require hospitalization
manic=at least 1 week of symptoms with significant impairment in occupational or social function, need to be hospitalized and/or the presence of psychotic features |
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Agoraphobia and Panic Attacks are usually treated with...
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In vivo exposure with response prevention (flooding)
In vivo exposure is good for phobias too Exposure with response prevention is good for OCD |
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Schizoid Personality Disorder vs. Schizotypal
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Schizoid=indifference to interpersonal relationship, restricted range of emotional expression, doesn't desire or enjoy close relationships, solitary, little interest in sex, takes pleasure in few activities, emotional coldness or detachment
schizotypal=may desire friends; not so much indifference as social and interpersonal deficits, eccentricities in cognition, perception or bx, may also have inappropriate or restricted affect |
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Cerebellum
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part of hindbrain
important for balance and posture damage can result in ataxia (lack of coordination, clumsiness, loss of balance) |
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Amygdala
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part of the limbic system
control of emotional activities (inc. the mediation of defensive-aggressive bx) perception and expression of emotions attachment of emotion to memories |
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Basal Ganglia
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Subcoritical structures of the forebrain
includes the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus and SUBSTANTIA NIGRA Planning, organizin, and coordinating voluntary movements damage is associated with Parkinson's and Huntington's |
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Emotion (Areas of the Brain)
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Amygdala-perception and expression of anger, fear, sadness, happiness; attaches emotion to memories
Hypothalamus-translation of emotions into physical responses Cerebral cortex--Left governs positive emotions; right governs negative emotions |
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Frontal Lobe
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One of the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex (Forebrain)
contains the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, and the prefrontal cortex INITIATIVE, PLANNING ABILITY, ABSTRACT THINKING, and other EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS Left frontal lobe=broca's area personality and mood Motor functions Damage to the prefrontal cortex produces personality changes and deficits in higher-level cognitive ability |
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Huntington's
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inherited
early symptoms inc. depression, apathy, anxiety, antisocial tendencise, forgetfulness, figeting, and clumsiness later, athetosis (slow writhing movements) and chorea, more serious cogn symptoms due to loss of GABA secreting neurons and glutamate excitotoxicity in the basal ganglia |
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Hypothalamus
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subcortical structure of the forebrain
controls the autonomic NS and endocrine glands mediates basic drives regulates emotional expression the SCN is located here, involved in the regulation of the body's circadian rhythms |
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Learning and Memory (areas of the brain)
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1)Temporal Lobes=essential for encoding, storage, and retrieval of L-T declarative memories
2)Hippocampus=consolidation of declarative memories 3)amygdala=fear conditioning, learning about rewards and punisment, adding emotional significance to memories 4)prefrontal cortex=short-term memory, episodic memory, and prospective memory 5)thalamus=processing information and transferring it to the neocortex 6)basal ganglia, cerebellum, and motor cortex--play a role in procedural memory and implicit memory |
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Hippocampus
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part of the limbic system (subcortical structure of the forebrain)
important in spatial and explicit memory consolidation of declarative memories |
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Learning and Memory (neural mechanisms)
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1)long term potentiation (involves glutamate receptors in the hipposcampus)
2)protein synthesis (important for the formation of LTM) |
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Occipital Lobe
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one of the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex (forebrain)
Primary sensory cortex for Vision damange can result in visual object agnosia, color agnosia, word blindness, and/or blind spots |
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Parietal Lobe
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one of the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex (forebrain)
contains the Somatosensory Cortex damage can cause apraxia (inability to perform voluntary movements), inability to recognize objects by touch, problems related to L-R orientation, contralateral neglect |
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Parkinson's Disease
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tremor, muscle rigidity, akathisia, akinisia, speech difficulties, may eventually include dementia
due to degeneration of dopamine-conataining cells esp in the substantia nigra sx temp relieved by L-dopa (dopamine agonist) |
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Reticular Activating System
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WAKEFULNESS, AROUSAL, CONSCIOUSNESS
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Temporal Lobe
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Primary Auditory Cortex
Wernicke's area |
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Thalamus
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Relay station for all of the senses except smell
Involved in Language and Memory |
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James-Lange Theory of Emotion
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I am nervous because my hands are shaking.
emotions rep perceptions about bodily rxns to stimuli |
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Cannon Bard Theory of Emotion
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emotional and bodily rxns to stimuli occur simultaneously due to thalamic stimulation of the cotex and PNS
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Schachter and Singer's Two factor (cognitive) theory of emotion
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subjective emotional experience is the consequence of physiological arousal and cogntive interpretaion of that arousal and the environmental context in which it occurs
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Sleep
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1)alpha waves
2)theta waves, sleep spindles and K complexes 3)delta waves appear 4)delta waves dominate 5)REM sleep |
