Ovary And Oviduct Histology 2006

Front 1

what are the female genital organs?

Back 1

ovaries, genital ducts which are oviducts and uterus and vagina, external genitalia are labia major, minora and clitoris

Front 2

what are other names for oviducts?

Back 2

tuba uterina, tuba fallopiana, fallopian tubes

Front 3

what are the two major factors leading to the changing histology of the female reproductive system?

Back 3

1. age of person
2. stage of menstrual cycle - of course only iportant during reproductive years

Front 4

when is menarche medically supposed to happen?

Back 4

between 9 and 14

Front 5

what's average age for menarche?

Back 5

13.5

Front 6

how long is menstrual cycle?

Back 6

28-30 days

Front 7

what are the basic functions of the ovarie?

Back 7

1. oogenesis
2. steroidogenesis

Front 8

what hormones are produced by ovaries?

Back 8

estrogen and progesterone

Front 9

what hormones target the ovaries?

Back 9

FSH and LH
follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Front 10

what structure releases FSH and LH?

Back 10

pituitary

Front 11

what kinds of hormones are FSH and LH?

Back 11

called gonadotrophins because they act on the gonads, both in men and women same hormones acting either or ovaries or testes

Front 12

what's the relationship between estrogen and progesterone and FSH and LH?

Back 12

estrogen and progesterone are products of release of FSH and LH, so when their levels are high, there is feedback inhibition of FSH and LH

Front 13

what are the four component cycles of the menstrual cycle?

Back 13

1. pituitary hormone cycle
2. ovarian hormone cycle
3. ovarian follicle cycle
4. uterine menstrual cycle

Front 14

about what point in menstrual cycle is FSH pretty high?

Back 14

starts rising at end of cycle and stays high for quite a while, only drops just before ovulation

Front 15

what does FSH do anyway?

Back 15

stimulates estrogen production by ovary
estrogen level rises sharply when FSH level starts dropping, just before ovulation

Front 16

what effect does estrogen have on pituitary hormones?

Back 16

leads to peak of LH and little peak of FSH called LH and FSH surge

Front 17

what stimulates ovulation?

Back 17

LH and FSH surges

Front 18

what happens to hormone levels after ovulation?

Back 18

LH, FSH and estrogen levels drop dramatically
progesterone rises dramatically because is produced by corpus luteum which is shell of ova
this causes estrogen to also rise again

Front 19

why do estrogen and progesterone levels collapse towards the end of the cycle?

Back 19

because corpus luteum that was maintaining high levels of progesterone that was maintaining high levels of estrogen is degrading

Front 20

how does FSH know when to start kicking in again towards end of cycle?

Back 20

decline in estrogen and progesterone

Front 21

tell story of hormones of menstrual cycle

Back 21

1. FSH starts whole thing because its responding to low levels of what it makes - estrogen and progesterone
2. FSH causes little surge in estrogen
3. little surge in estrogen cause huge LH and FSH surges that lead to ovulation
4. abandoned corpus luteum starts making progesterone that starts stimulating production of estrogen
5. levels of progesterone and estrogen drop as corpus dies
6. FSH climbs back up again to take over stimulation of estrogen after corpus luteum is dead

Front 22

what's the size and shape of the ovaries?

Back 22

shape: oval and flat
size: 4 cm long, 2 cm wide and 1 cm thick

Front 23

what are the parts of the ovaries - what parts have the ovaries been subdivided into?

Back 23

cortex and medulla

Front 24

where do vessels that feed ovaries enter ovary?

Back 24

enter medulla at hilum

Front 25

what is the tunica albuginea of the ovaries?

Back 25

is layer of dense connective tissue under epithelium

Front 26

what part of the ovaries is the tunica albuginea in - the cortex or the medulla?

Back 26

cortex

Front 27

what make up the deeper aspects of cortex of ovaries?

Back 27

interstitial tissue and ovarian follicles and their derivatives

Front 28

how many stages do our professors divide oogenesis into and what are their names?

Back 28

8 stages
1. embryonic
2. fetal
3. prepubertal
4. adult: growth of follicles
5. adult: preovulatory changes prepare mature or graafian follicle, also called dominant follicle for ovulation
6. adult: ovulation
7. adult: corpus luteum or yellow body forms from remains of follicle after ovulation
8. adult: corpus luteum dies

Front 29

what happens in the embryonic stage of oogenesis?

Back 29

1. eggs start as primordial germ cells in epithelial cell mass and proliferate at about 9-11 weeks to make OOGONIA (germ cells)
2. oogonia start meiosis at 11-18 weeks, freeze in diakinetic stage of prophase
3. developing eggs now called PRIMARY OOCYTES

Front 30

what's the arrested stage of primary oocyte called?

Back 30

dictyate stage

Front 31

at what point do primary become secondary oocytes?

Back 31

when they undergo first meiotic division just before ovulation

Front 32

what happens in fetal stage of oogenesis in general terms?

Back 32

limited folliculogenesis

Front 33

what are substages of fetal stage of oogenesis?

Back 33

1. primordial follicle stage
2. early primary follicle
3. late primary follicle
4. antral or secondary follicles

Front 34

what happens more specifically in fetal stage of oogenesis?

Back 34

1. in primordial follicle stage - there are some cells around primary oocyte - follicle considered inactive
2. at early primary follicle stage, follicles now have oocyte in them and are surrounded by cuboidal layer of cells called granulosa cells, support cells
3. in late primary follicle stage, a few follicles develop many layers of granulosa cells
primary oocyte enlarges, makes glycoprotein coat called zona pellucida that surrounds oocyte
4. antral or secondary follicle stage is when antrum develops - is basically when fluid and glycosaminoglycans accumulate tween granulosa cells forming fluid-filled cavity

Front 35

what's an antrum?

Back 35

is fluid-filled cavity when fluid's trapped between granulosa cells of follicle

Front 36

what's a follicle?

Back 36

is collection of cells with oocyte

Front 37

what are granulosa cells

Back 37

are cells that surround occyte initially

Front 38

at the prepubertal stage, what kind of follicles are present?

Back 38

only primordial and primary

Front 39

what happens during prepubertal stage of oogenesis?

Back 39

1. after birth, cystic or non-ovulatory follicles atrophy
2. ovary continuing to make late primary follicles from primoridal follicles, but only a few reach the antral stage
3. follicles that do reach antral stage atrophy almost immediately

Front 40

what's the hormonal involvement in the development of early and late primary follicles?

Back 40

none

Front 41

how does a primary follicle become a dominant follicle?

Back 41

only some primary follicles have FSH and LH receptors - dominant chosen from amongst those

Front 42

when is a dominant follicle chosen?

Back 42

around day 5-7 of cycle

Front 43

how big do group of primary follicles get from which dominant follicle is chosen?

Back 43

2-5 mm in diameter

Front 44

at which stage in oogenesis cycle is a dominant follicle chosen to develop?

Back 44

adult: growth of follicles stage

Front 45

what's atresia?

Back 45

is process of degeneration of follicles that developed along with dominant follicle

Front 46

what's effect of initial rise in FSH on dominant follicle?

Back 46

stimulates growth of granulosa cells and estrogen production by granulosa cells

Front 47

where does estrogen that FSH stimulated at beginning of cycle come from?

Back 47

granulosa cells of dominant follicle

Front 48

what does estrogen do in kind to granulosa layer which made it?

Back 48

stimulates growth of granulosa layer

Front 49

at what point in the menstrual cycle does LH stimulate theca interna cells to make androgens?

Back 49

almost to middle of cycle, about ovulation time

Front 50

what cells make androgens as a result of LH stimulation just before ovulation?

Back 50

theca interna

Front 51

what cycle helps trigger LH and FSH surges that cause ovulation?

Back 51

1. is cycle where LH stimulates theca interna cells, which are apparently outside the granulosa cells
2. theca cells make androgens that diffuse towards oocyte, becoming estrogen at granulosa cells
3. estrogen stimulates LH release
4. is positive feedback loop

Front 52

what the hell is the theca interna?

Back 52

is connective tissue layer surrounding follicle
has vasulature

Front 53

what is a mural granulosa?

Back 53

just another name for outermost granulosa cells of follicle once antrum's gotten bigger

Front 54

what the hell is a cumulus or cumulus oophorus?

Back 54

is layer of granulosa cells around ooctye once antrum's enlarged

Front 55

what's the corona radiata?

Back 55

is part of cumulus - but is innermost layer
just another fancy name for granulosa cells innermost and closest to oocyte

Front 56

what's another name for cumulus?

Back 56

cumulus oophorus

Front 57

what's a connecting stalk?

Back 57

is thing that attaches cumulus and mural layers of granulosa cells

Front 58

what are the layers of the granulosa cells called once antrum enlarges?

Back 58

innermost = corona radiata
middle = cumulus or cumulus oophous
outermost = mural granulosa as in wall

Front 59

what's the follicle called once it moves closer to surface of ovary?

Back 59

mature preovulatory follicle

Front 60

how big is the mature preovulatory follicle?

Back 60

about 20 mm!

Front 61

what's another name for the mature preovulatory follicle?

Back 61

Graafian follicle

Front 62

what cells make progesterone after LH and FSH surges?

Back 62

granulosa and thecal cells

Front 63

what happens in the follicle as a result of the FSH surge?

Back 63

1. glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production increases; this leads to conversion of epithelial cells into mucous-secreting cells, also called mucification
2. cumulus layer loosens leading to
3. final breakdown of follicular wall
4. vascularization of follicle increases
5. granulosa basal lamina breaks down
6. cumulus and mural granulosa cells start flowing into antrum
7. oocyte continues to mature
8. stigma forms on ovary surface

Front 64

how does the follicle continue to mature as result of LH, FSH surge just prior to ovulation?

Back 64

1. gap junctions between cumulus and oocyte gone - this removes meiotic inhibition
2. nucleus of oocyte moves peripherally
3. nuclear envelope breaks down, completing meiotic prophase I
4. spindle forms, oocyte divides forming large secondary oocyte and small first polar body
5. oocyte arrests again in metaphase II and will not continue unless fertilized
6. cortical granules move peripherally

Front 65

what maintained meiotic inhibition over oocyte?

Back 65

cAMP flowing from cumulus to oocyte via gap junctions

Front 66

what are cortical granules?

Back 66

exocytotic granule that's released immediately after fusion with sperm

Front 67

what's a stigma?

Back 67

is site of rupture of ovulating follicle on surface of ovary

Front 68

what happens as result of ovulation or formation of a stigma?

Back 68

1. thinning and stretching of tunica albuginea
2. local ischemia at stigma
3. death of surface cells as hydrolytic enzymes are released

Front 69

what happens at ovulation to follicle and oviducts?

Back 69

1. granulosa cells and follicular fluid released
2. cumulus cells ooze out, but oocyte follows more slowly
3. smooth muscle on interior of follicle contract, wrinkling follicle and aiding fluid and oocyte expulsion
4. contractions of smooth muscle in mesosalpinx sweep fimbriae of oviduct over ovary
this allows cilia to sweep egg and cumulus mass around it into osteum of oviduct

Front 70

there are smooth muscle cells in the follicle?!

Back 70

that's crazy

Front 71

what's the function of the corpus luteum?

Back 71

1. secrete progesterone and estrogen to stimulate uterus to allow implantation
2. reduce LH and FSH via negative feedback

Front 72

what happens hormonally after ovulation?

Back 72

progesterone skyrockets
LH and FSH drop and stay low

Front 73

what happens to the corpus luteum after ovulation?

Back 73

1. blood vessels from theca interna grow into granulosa
2. granulosa cells hypertrophy
3. mito of granulosa develop more villiform cristae
4. granulosa develop more peroxisomes and lysosomes as a result of hypertrophy i guess
5. both granulosa and thecal cells develop increased smooth ER
6. blood clot formed at ovulation invaded and reorganized by fibroblasts into connective tissue

Front 74

does this mean that as follicles leave ovary, they become more and more scarred from greater formation of connective tissue?

Back 74

don't know

Front 75

after ovulation, what makes up the corpus luteum?

Back 75

composed mostly of large granulosa lutein cells and patches of smaller theca lutein cells which are usually peripheral

Front 76

what determines whether the corpus luteum survives after ovulation?

Back 76

fertilization of egg
if have fertilization, it lives on

Front 77

if egg fertilized, what hormone would maintain corpus luteum?

Back 77

hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin

Front 78

what structure makes hCG?

Back 78

implanting blastocyst at first

Front 79

what happens specifically to corpus luteum if egg not fertilized?

Back 79

1. lutein cells commit suicide
2. macrophages invade corpus luteum to clean up cell and lipid debris
3. evolves into large, poorly vascularized connective tissue body called the corpus albicans or white body

Front 80

what the hell is the corpus albicans?

Back 80

is dead shell of corpus luteum

Front 81

what's another name for corpus alicans?

Back 81

white body

Front 82

what happens to corpus luteum specifically if blastocyst implants?

Back 82

cells continue to hypertrophy
progesterone production increases

Front 83

what characterizes granulosa lutein cells if blastocyst implants?

Back 83

abundant smooth ER and elaborate surface folds

Front 84

what happens to corpus luteum after two months gestation?

Back 84

placenta takes over progesterone production
corpus luteum declines either slowly or rapidly

Front 85

how does primakoff summarize menstrual cycle in combination with follicle development?

Back 85

1. initial increase in FSH works on granulosa cells which lead to more estrogen and more granulosa growth
2. positive feedback loop
3. little estrogen surge leads to more LH which leads to more androgen made in theca interna which leads to more estrogen
4. lots of estrogen leads to LH and FSH surge
5. ovulation leads to progesterone from corpus luteum which decreases LH and FSH
6. if no fertilization, progesterone drops, and FSH increases

Front 86

what are the regions of the oviducts?

Back 86

1. infundibulum
2. ampulla
3. isthmus
4. intramural portion

Front 87

what is the infundibulum of oviduct?

Back 87

is fimbriae or fringes and opening or osteum of oviduct

Front 88

what is the ampulla of the oviduct?

Back 88

is major region; where fertilization and most cleavage stages would occur

Front 89

where is the isthmus of the oviduct?

Back 89

is place of smaller diameter in oviduct, closer to uterus

Front 90

where is the intramural portion of the oviduct?

Back 90

is the intrauterine portion of oviduct in uterine wall

Front 91

what's the function of the muscularis layer of the oviduct?

Back 91

1. along with smooth muscle in mesosalpinx helps fimbriae find ovary
2. determines transport rate cleaving zygote moves from ampulla (spends 3 days there) through isthmus into intrauterine portion of oviducts (8 hours)

Front 92

what's another name for the mucosa of the oviducts?

Back 92

endosalpinx

Front 93

describe the mucosa of the oviduct:
what kind of tissue is its epithelium?
what does it look like, at what point do structures change?

Back 93

kind of tissue: simple columnar epithelium
characterized by vascular folds of thin connective tissue
folds tallest in infundibulum and ampulla
has both secretory and ciliated cells
number of cilia vary with time in cycle

Front 94

at what point in the oviducts are the folds of mucosa tallest?

Back 94

infundibulum and ampulla

Front 95

at what point of menstrual cycle are epithelial cells of mucosa tallest and with the most cilia?

Back 95

just before ovulation

Front 96

what do the cilia in the oviduct do?

Back 96

1. aid in pickup of ovum from surface of ovary
2. help with sperm orientation
3. may help with transport of ovum

Front 97

what are the functions of the oviduct itself, not the cilia?

Back 97

1. collects cumulus mass with secondary oocyte and pulls it into osteum
2. provides right environment for cleavage of embryo
3. moves egg and sperm

Front 98

in what meiotic stage is oocyte at at ovulation?

Back 98

metaphase II

Front 99

when does the zona pellucida form?

Back 99

don't know - fill in when i do

Front 100

what's the plural form of corpus albicans?

Back 100

corpora albicantia