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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Descibe the Innate Immunity |
acts first What were are "born with" does not change/adapt |
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What makes up the innate immunity? |
skin and mucous membranes Inflammation Complement system phagocytic cells |
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what is the function of the skin and mucous membranes? |
forms a barrier secretes antimicrobial molecules |
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What is the complement system? |
group of proteins in the blood Activated by specific pathways |
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What cells are involved with innate immunity? |
macrophages dendritic cells neutrophils Natural killer cells |
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What is the purpose of inflammation? |
tisssue response to injury, infection, or irritant cells release chemicals to attract immune cells and cause changes in blood vessels |
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What are the three ways the complement system can be activated? |
Classical Alternative Lectin |
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Describe classical activation |
activated by antibody binding to pathogen |
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describe alternative activation |
activated spontaneously by non-self cells |
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describe lectin activation |
activation by lectin binding to sugar on pathogen |
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What does activation do in the body? |
cleaves C3 into C3a and C3b |
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What does the cleavage of C3 do? |
causes a cascade of: -chemotaxis of immune cells -opsonization of pathogen -perforation of pathogen membranes |
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How prevalent are macrophages in the body? |
Make up 10% of cells in organs |
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Describe macrophages in II |
develop from monocytes (much larger) travel to tissues in the blood migrate to infection sites bridge to adaptive immunity ---communicate and activate AI |
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Describe dendritic cells in II |
Phagocytize pathogens and present antigens better at presenting antigen than macrophage worse at killing than macrophage |
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Where are neutrophils stored? |
In Bone Marrow |
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Describe neutrophils |
Most abundant WBC Strongly attracted to inflammation (pus) Kill by phagocytosis and degranulation |
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Describe natural killer cells |
Only lymphocyte in innate immunity kill by perforation in target cells activated by cytokines and detection of antibodies |
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Describe the adaptive immunity |
"Learns" to fight pathogens as the body is exposed |
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What are the three main cell types that pertain to adaptive immunity |
antigen presenting cells lymphocytes granulocytes |
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Describe antigen presenting cells |
Phagocytes "present" what they eat on MHC(II) Required for activating T cells, which then activate B cells, so the entire adaptive immune system hings on the presence of APCs |
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What are 3 types of APCs? |
Macrophages Dendritic cells B cells |
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Describe Macrophages in AI |
attracted to damaged tissue eats pathogens and damaged cells presents to helper t cells various tissues have specialized macrophages |
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Describe dendritic cells in AI |
Live primarily in the skin and mucous membranes eat pathogens in tissues migrate to lymph nodes |
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Describe B cells (APC) |
highly specific eat only things that it recognizes |
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What are naive cells? |
not activated can multiply in the presence of pathogens and develop |
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What are the two types of naive cells? |
effector cells memory cells |
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Describe effector cells |
fight a particular pathogen |
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describe memory cells |
waiting to be activated later if the pathogen is seen again |
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Describe T cells |
form in bone marrow, migrate to thymus alter genes in the thymus to recognize different things only beneficial ones are kept, able to leave thymus in naive stage of development |
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What is the difference between T celsl and cytotoxic T cells? |
Cytotoxic T cells express CD8 on the surface |
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What does CD8 do? |
binds to MHC(I), which presents cytosolic proteins |
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What is the difference between MHC (I) and MHC (II)? |
MHC (I) presents cytosolic proteins, meaning what is already within the cell MCH (II) presents endocyosed proteins, meaning what was eaten by the cell |
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What are Helper T cells? |
express CD4, which binds to MHC (II) |
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What are the two types of helper T cells? |
TH1: activate macrophages TH2: Activate B cellls |
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What are memory T cells? |
capable of becoming effector cells if a certain pathogen presents itself |
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Describe B cells in AI |
grow and mature in bone marrow able to recognize specific things develop into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies |
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How are B cells activated in AI? |
binding of specific antigens interaction with matching helper T cell phagocytosis of an antigen |
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What can naive B cells differentiate into? |
plasma cells, to make antibodies memory B cells |
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Describe granulocytes and what are the 4 types |
contain granules full of inflammatory molecules -neutrophils -eosinophiles -basophils -mast cells |
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Which types of granulocytes are involved with fighting parasites? |
eosinophiles basophiles mast cells |
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Which types of granulocytes are found in epithelial tissue? |
mast cells and eosinophiles |
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Which types of granulocytes are found in the blood? |
basophiles |
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What are antigen receptors? |
includes Immunoglobulin and T-cell Receptors gives cells their specificity |
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How are IG and TCR similar? |
both bind to antigens at the epitope |
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What are the 5 classes of IG? |
IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE (MADGE) |
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What are the 2 types of TCR |
alpha-beta (common) gamma-delta (less understood) |
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How are IG and TCR different? |
IG are Y shaped, but TCR is like II All TCR are on surface, but IG has surface and free forms IG can bind to epitope directly, TCR needs MHC |
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Name and describe the two types of lymphoid tissue |
Primary - site of maturation secondary - site where mature cells accumulate |
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What the the main primary sites for lymphoid tissue? |
Bone marrow and thymus (B cells and T cells) |
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What are the main secondary sites for lymphoid tissue? |
lymph nodes spleen BALT |
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Describe lymph nodes |
lymph fluid filter through, back into blood stream B cells, T cells, and macrophages are found in lymph nodes common site of antigen presentation |
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Describe the spleen |
basically same as lymph node but it filter blood instead |
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What is MALT? |
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue similar to lymph node, w/o capsule around cells |
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What is GALT and what are some examples? |
Gut associated lymphoid tissue tonsils, appendix, Peyer's patches |
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what is BALT? |
bronchial associated lymphoid tisssue lymph tissue lining respiratory tract |
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What are things that can go wrong with the immune system? |
failure to carry out proper function reacting more than it is supposed to or against the wrong thing |
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Describe immunodeficient diseases |
genetic or acquired immune system is unable to fight targets properly |
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what is caused by over-reations? |
hypersensitivity like allergies |
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Describe autoimmune diseases |
immune system attacking itself, such as destroying a transplanted tissue. |
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How can we manipulate our immune system? |
treatment of disorders of the immune system vaccines treatment of cancer |
