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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anophthalmos
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No Eye
Very rare to be completely non-existant |
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Microphthalmos
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small eye
Congenital Merle Ocular dysgenesis |
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Nanophthalmos
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some anomalies
small but normal |
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Exopthalmos
DDx? |
Prominent but not enlarged globe
eye often looks healthy DDX: infraction or cancer Retrobulbar abscess: painful Neoplasia: usu. nonpainful |
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Buphthalmos
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Larger Globe
usu. doesn't look healthy |
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Enophthalmos
Causes: |
Decreased volume of orbital contents
PAIN, atrophy of retrobulbar fat, atrophy of mm., Dehydration, Horner's, Phythis bulbi, skull Fx |
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Proptosis
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Very forward presentation of globe (lid margins behind equator)
URGENT, urgent, EMERGENCY |
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Phthisis Bulbi
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chronic, diffuse, intraocular inflammation--> contraction-> shrunken, disorganized globe
usu. non painful & asymptomatic |
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Enucleation
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removal of the globe
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Exenteration
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Removal of globe & all the extraocular stuff
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Orbital prosthesis
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removal of just the eyeball, replaced with space occupying object
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Intraocular prosthesis
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prosthesis in the eye shell
doesn't work well in cats (just looks freaky) More cosmetic |
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Orbitotomy
Types (2) |
Incision into the orbit
Transconjunctival (for anterior lesions) or Lateral Orbitotomy (resect zygomatic arch) |
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Extrascleral (shell) prosthesis
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Prosthesis that you can pop off like contact lens
"glass eye" Not really used in animals $$$$ |
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Strabismus
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Eye misalignment cause by extraocular mm. imbalance
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Exotropia
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Globes looking outwards
"Wall eyed" |
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Esotropia
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Globes looking inward
"cross-eyed" |
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Neonatal Ophthalmia
Treatment? |
Delayed opening of eyes in neonates from Staphylococcus infection
Tx: open eyelids early, flush, & Abx |
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Eyelid Agenesis
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congenital absence of part of palpebral fissures usu. lateral upper eyelid
Tx: permanently remove hair or Sx |
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Entropion
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Inward rotation of part or all of the eyelid margin --> periocular skin/fur rubbing against cornea & conjunctiva
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Causes of Entropion
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Enopthalomos
Spastic/squinting: R/O w/ topical anesthesia Cicatricial: 2ary to scarring & contraction of lid margin Anatomical: congenital (Shar Pei) |
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Treatment of Entropion
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Eyelid tacking: temporary fixation when growing or from dehydration
Hotz-Celsus: pinch & remove skin, small suture starting at margin, don't over correct E-COLLAR |
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Ectropion
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Eversion of the eyelid margin often causing conjunctivitis
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Causes of Ectropion
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Congenital: bloodhounds, Bassets
Cicatricial: scarring or contraction Physiologic: hunting dogs after exercise Other: MG, facial n. paralysis |
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Disthichia
Treatment |
extra cilia arising from meibomian gland
Often doesn't cause problem Tx: pluck hair the first time only if causing tearing, if comes back then cryosurgery or other Sx |
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Ectopic Cilia
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exits through the conjunctiva directly into the eye
Usu. causes problems Need Sx |
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Trichiasis/nasal fold
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Normal hair poking into the eye
More common in brachycephalic breeds leads to corneal ulceration & scarring |
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Chalazion
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Enlargement of the meibomain gland from blockage
Usu. Painless yellow/white swelling under skin or conjunctiva |
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Signs of eyelid margin infections
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red, swollen, painful areas
Don't Squeeze it! |
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Blepharitis
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Staph hypersensitivity
usu. all four margins often chronic problem |
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Types of eyelid masses
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Adenoma/carcinoma: common in dogs
Papilloma: young bovine/canine Benign/malignant melanoma: locally invasive SCC: most common equine, cow, cat, variable prog mast cell: usu. in cats, antihistamines b4 FNA |
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Lagophthalmos
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Decreased ability or abcense of a blink response d/t neuropathy of CN5 or CN7
Fix neuro problem or lifetime lubrication |
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lateral canthotomy
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makes eyelid margin larger to reach structures besides cornea & frontal conjunctiva
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Temporary Tarsorraphy
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partial or complete
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Cherry Eye
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prolapsed gland of the third eyelid
DDX: bent cartilage of the 3rd eyelid, NGE Tx: benign neglect, excise gland only (may develop KCS), Sx tack (often doesn't work) |
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Haws Syndrome
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elevation of the 3rd eyelid in cats w/ minor systemic dz
DDX: Horner's (miosis), Feline dysautonomia (dilation) self limiting, cat should be fine |
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Horner's Syndrome
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Elevation of 3rd eyelid
ptosis of the upper eyelid miosis of the pupil w/ intact PLR all from damage to the sympathetic nerve |
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Feline Dysautonomia
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Elevation of 3rd eyelid & dilated pupils from severe systemic dz
Only in cats, mostly in England usu. self-limiting but need lots of supportive care |
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Atypical Pannus of 3rd eyelid
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plasma cell infiltrate--> pigment loss, cobblestone appearance, thick, & hyperemic
Steroids & cyclosporin |
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Follicular conjunctivitis
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looks like little fish eggs, usu. on caudal surface
can cause tearing |
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Neoplasia of the 3rd eyelid
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SCC*, adenocarcinoma (looks like NGE), bilateral lymphosarcoma
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Nodule granulomatous episcleralkeratitis (NGE)
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just big third eyelid
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Causes of Elevation of 3rd eyelid
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primary protrusion, pain*, micropthalmos, Haw's Syndrome, Feline Dysautonomia, Horner's Syndrome, Endopthalmos (dehydration*), cannabis intoxication, tetanus, rabies
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Blockage of NL system
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Cats: HERPES
Dogs: FB |
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Dacryocystitis
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Infection of the NL system often from FB
Results in: epiphora, mucopurulent or hemorrhagic ocular discharge very painful when flushed, may need to be done under anesthesia |
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Epiphora
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Overflow of tears onto the face
Causes: either pain: FB, dacryrocystitis or impaired drainage: Herpes in cats, imperforate puncta, brachycephalics |
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Sympblepharon
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adhesions b/w bulbar conjunctiva, palpebral, &/or cornea
can try cutting, but often come back very quickly Cats = Herpes |
