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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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fossils
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physical remains of part or all of once-living organisms, mostly bones and teeth, that have become mineralized by the replacement of organic with inorganic materials
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species
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a group of related organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspring
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habitat
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the specific area of the natural environment in which an organism lives
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adaptations
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changes in physical structure, function, or behavior that allow an organism or species to survive and reproduce in a given environment
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natural selection
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the process by which some organisms, with features that enable them to adapt to the environment, preferentially survive and reproduce, thereby increasing the frequency of those features in the population
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adaptive radiation
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the diversification of an ancestral group of organisms into new forms that are adapted to specific environmental niches
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endemic
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refers to a characteristic or feature that is natural to a given population or environment
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demography
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study of populations
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evolutionary biology
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the study of organisms and their changes
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taxonomy
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classification of past and living life forms
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systematics
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the study of biological relationships over time
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catastrophism
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(Cuvier) the doctrine asserting that cataclysmic events (such as volcanoes, earthquakes, and floods), rather than evolutionary processes, are responsible for geologic changes throughout Earth's history
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James Hutton
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1788 - calculated Earth's age as millions of years, provided geologic evidence necessary for calculating time span of evolution
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Charles Lyell
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1830 - rediscovered Hutton's ideas, provided more geologic evidence
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Robert Hooke
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1665 - proved that fossils were an organism's remains, revealed that fossils would provide history of past life
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Georges Cuvier
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1796 - extensively studied fossils, revealed much variation in fossil record
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John Ray
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1660 - pioneered taxonomy based on physical appearance, created first scientific classification of plants and animals
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Carolus Linnaeus
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1735 - wrote Systems of Nature, presented binomial nomenclature taxonomy of plants and animals
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Thomas Malthus
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1798 - founded demography: only some will find enough food to survive. provided the concept of characteristics advantageous for survival
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Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
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1809 - posited characteristics acquired via inheritance (Lamarckism), provided first serious model of physical traits passing from parents to offspring
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Erasmus Darwin
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1794 - also posited characteristics (determined by wants and needs) acquired via inheritance, advanced the notion that physical changes occurred in the past
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Malthus's 5 Observations
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1. parents produce multiple offspring
2. population size generally remains same 3. population limited by food supply 4. members compete for access to food 5. no two members of same species are physically alike, variation exists |
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Theory: Evolution by Natural Selection
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individuals having variation that is advantageous for survival to reproductive age produce more offspring (and more that survive) than individuals lacking this variation
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genus
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a group of related species
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Lamarckism
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first proposed by Lamarck, the theory of evolutionary change through the inheritance of acquired characteristics in which an organism can pass on features acquired during a lifetime
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gemmules
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as proposed by Darwin, the units of inheritance, supposedly accumulated in the gametes so they could be passed on to offspring
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blending inheritance
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an outdated, disreputed theory that the phenotype of an offspring was a uniform blend of the parents' phenotypes
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gene
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the basic unit of inheritance; a sequence of DNA on a chromosome, coded to produce a specific protein
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allele
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one or more alternative forms of a gene
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dominant
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refers to an allele expressed in an organism's phenotype and that simultaneously masks the effects of another allele, if another one is present
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recessive
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an allele that is expressed in an organism's phenotype if two copies are present, but is masked if the dominant allele is present
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Mendelian inheritance
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the basic principals associated with the transmission of genetic material, forming the basis of genetics, including the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment
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genotype
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the genetic makeup of an organism, the combination of alleles for a given gene
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phenotype
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the physical expression of the genotype; it may be influenced by the environment
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chromosomes
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the strand of DNA found in the nucleus of eukaryotes that contains hundreds or thousands of genes
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evolutionary synthesis
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a unified theory of evolution that combines genetics with natural selection
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population genetics
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a specialty within the field of genetics; it focuses on the changes in gene frequencies and the effects of those changes on adaptation and evolution
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mutation
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a random change in a gene or chromosome, creating a new trait that may be advantageous, deleterious, or neutral in its effects on the organism
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gene flow
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admixture, or the exchange of alleles between two populations
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genetic drift
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the random change in allele frequency from one generation to the next, with greater effect in small populations
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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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a double-stranded molecule that provides the genetic code for an organism, consisting of phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and four types of nitrogen bases
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pandemic
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wide regional or global spread of infectious disease
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4 forces driving evolution: (genetic change)
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1. natural selection 2. mutation 3. gene flow 4. genetic drift
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deme
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(book term) a local population of organisms that have similar genes, interbreed, and produce offspring
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gene pool
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all the genetic information in the breeding population
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reproductive isolation
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any mechanism that prevents two populations from interbreeding and exchanging genetic material
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microevolution
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small-scale evolution, such as changes in allele frequency, that occurs from one generation to the next
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macroevolution
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large-scale evolution, such as a speciation event, that occurs after hundreds or thousands of generations
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equilibrium
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a condition in which the system is balanced, stable, unchanging. (when gene frequency does not change over time, population's alleles for a particular trait are stable)
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Hardy-Weinberg law of equilibrium
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a mathematical model in population genetics that reflects the relationship between frequencies of alleles and genotypes; it can be used to determine whether a population is undergoing evolutionary change
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point mutations
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replacement of single nitrogen base with another, may or may not affect amino acids and triplet codes
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synonymous point mutations
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substituted nitrogen base creates a triplet coded to produce the same amino acid as original
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nonsynonymous point mutation
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creates different amino acid from original
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frameshift mutation
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insertion or deletion of nitrogen bases, triplets rearranged and codons read incorrectly
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transposable elements
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mobile pieces of DNA that can copy themselves into entirely new areas of chromosomes
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spontaneous mutation
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random changes in DNA that occur during cell division
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induced mutations
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mutations as a result of exposure to toxins
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mutagens
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substances such as toxins that induce mutations
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Klinefelter's syndrome
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extra X chromosome in males (XXY), less fertility
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fitness
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avg number of offspring produced by parents with a particular genotype compared to the number of offspring produced by parents with another genotype
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directional selection
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selection for one allele over the other alleles, causing allele frequencies to shift in one direction
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stabilizing selection
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selection against extremes of the phenotypic distribution, decreasing the genetic diversity for this trait in the population
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disruptive selection
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selection for both extremes of the phenotypic distribution; may eventually lead to a speciation event
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positive selection
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process in which advantageous genetic variants quickly increase in frequency in a population (ie peppered moths, the melanic individuals increased quickly over nonmelanic)
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balanced polymorphism
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situation in which selection maintains two or more phenotypes for a specific gene in a population
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endogamous
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refers to a population in which individuals breed only with other members of the population
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exogamous
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refers to a population in which individuals breed only with nonmembers
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Founder effect
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a form of genetic drift, occurs when a small group of a large parent population migrates to a new region and is reproductively isolated. as founding population grows, gene pool diverges even further from the source
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admixture
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the exchange of genetic material between two or more populations
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demic diffusion
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a populations movement into an area previously uninhabited by that group
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6 unique human characteristics:
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1. bipedalism 2. nonhoning chewing 3. complex material culture and tool use 4. hunting 5. speech 6. dependence on domesticated food
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