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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Discuss the early methods of birth control.
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-Withdrawal is one of the oldest documented means of contraception (referred to in the Old Testament), and it remains one of the most common means of birth control throughout eastern Europe and the Middle East, with about 20-30% of contracepting couples relying on it.
-Barriers to the cervix -Herbal concoctions (used for both contraception & abortion) -Condoms (16th century) -Douching -Breast-feeding of infants |
(pgs 73-74)
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Who was Margaret Sanger? What was she upset with?
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A pioneer of family planning in the US.
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She was appalled by the extent of poverty due to over-large families & the rate of maternal death due to abortion.
(pg 74) |
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What were some accomplishments of Margaret Sanger?
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-Planned Parenthood
-in 1937 the AMA officially endorsed birth control. |
(pg 77)
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When did Roe v. Wade happen & what was the outcome?
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1973
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States cannot place any restrictions on abortion during the first trimester other than to require that the procedure is performed by a physician.
(pg 75) |
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Despite Roe v. Wade, what are some challenges to abortion? What has recently been significant in reducing the demand for abortion?
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-97% are performed in clinics rather than hospitals (primarily in large metropolitan areas).
-Laws in some states mandate waiting periods or restrict minors' access to abortion. -Insurance coverage. |
The use of emergency contraception.
(pgs 75-76) |
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What is the basic rationale of all family planning work in the US?
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To promote the health & well-being of mothers & children by preventing unwanted births.
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(pg 77)
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What are the 3 basic parameters that enhance maternal & child health through family planning? What should family-planning programs focus on?
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-Age of the mother
-Interval between births -Total number of births during a woman's reproductive lifetime. |
-Contraceptive protection for teenage women, women over 35, mothers who have already borne 3 or more children, and women who have recently given birth , which can all make a very positive contribution to improving public health.
(pgs 77, 81) |
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Discuss the age of the mother in relation to health of her & the baby?
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-Biologically optimum period for childbearing is 20-30.
-Mothers younger or older than this have an increased risk of difficulties or death during pregnancy and childbirth, and their infants are more likely to die. -Babies of young mothers are more likely to be born premature & underweight, which increase their susceptibility to infectious diseases & malnutrition. -Babies of older mothers are more likely to have congenital disorders like Down syndrome. |
(pgs 77 & 79)
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Discuss the interval between births in relation to health of the mother & the baby?
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Short birth intervals pose real concern toward several aspects of the baby, but it cannot be demonstrated that it increases a woman's likelihood of dying during pregnancy or childbirth.
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(pg 80)
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Discuss the total number of births in relation to health of the mother & the baby?
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-Mothers with large numbers of children are especially prone to problem pregnancies & death during childbirth (every birth after the 4th child increases danger for mother & child).
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(pgs 80-81)
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Discuss motherhood in developing nations?
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-It is particularly dangerous if the woman is young, poor, and living in a developing country.
-Maternal death or disability is mostly due to inadequate or nonexistent medical care during pregnancy, labor, and immediately following childbirth, as well as unsafe abortions. -There are many debilitating and life-threatening disabilities that occur. |
(pgs 78-79)
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What is obstetric fistula? What are some psycho-social consequences?
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When there is constant pressure of the baby's head against the mother's pelvis during childbirth, tissue can die and a hole can form between the vagina & bladder, the vagina & rectum, or both.
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The woman becomes a social outcast, constantly wet & foul-smelling. She is usually rejected by husbands, avoided by friends & family, and has feelings of self-loathing and depression. They often die due to infection-induced kidney failure.
(pg 79) |
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What are hormonal contraceptives? What are some examples?
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-Made of synthetic substances similar to the hormones that occur naturally in women's bodies.
-They prevent pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation. |
-Birth control pills
-Depo-Provera shots -Patches & vaginal rings (pgs 81-83) |
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What are barrier methods? What are some examples?
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They use some device that prevents the egg & sperm from uniting, thus preventing fertilization.
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-Spermicides
-Vaginal contraceptives -Condoms (pg 84) |
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What are the most popular methods of birth control in the US?
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-Sterilization (1st)
-Birth control pills (2nd) -Condoms) -IUD (least popular) |
(pgs 81, 83-84)
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What are some barriers to family planning in Third World countries?
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The majority of women live at subsistence levels in rural areas, often isolated from adequate medical care & frequently illiterate.
-Women also are unaware of the existence of fertility-regulating methods. -No regular/easy access to family planning. -Cost. -Need to be convinced its in their best interest to use family planning. -Motivation to limit family size. |
Note: some governments even offer gifts to acceptors of contraception.
(pgs 86-88) |
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What are some factors that contribute to a preference for large families in many Third World countries? What implications does this have for approaches to family planning?
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-High infant mortality rates
-The view of children as "social security" (lack of social welfare programs means parents will need to be dependent on children to help around the home and work to bring money for the family, as well as when they get to their retirement years). -The desire for sons -The low educational & economic status of women |
-Reducing infant & child mortality rates should be a key component of programs.
(pg 88) |
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Where are birth rates highest today?
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Parts of the world where women have little schooling & where opportunities for paid employment outside the home are few.
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(pg 91)
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Why does fertility drop as the level of female education increases?
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-Educated women tend to marry later.
-They have greater opportunity for employment outside the home. -They are more aware of the advantages of smaller family size. -They understand how to practice contraception effectively. |
Note that mother's education level is strongly correlated with improved childhood health & nutritional status.
(pg 91) |
