Ouhsc Research Test 1

Front 1

The ______ approach is based on observation

Back 1

empirical

Front 2

When making observations, think of these 4 questions:

Back 2

why, whom, how and when.

Front 3

A hypothesis is a statement of......

Back 3

what a researcher expects results of research to show.

Front 4

Data can be in the form of.......

Back 4

numbers or expressed in words.

Front 5

what type of research indicates treatments are given.

Back 5

Experimental

Front 6

The purpose of an experiment is to ........

Back 6

study cause-and-effect relationships.

Front 7

When a researcher does an experiment......

Back 7

treatments are given and effects are observed.

Front 8

The experimental group receives the treatment under investigation to test its _______

Back 8

effectiveness

Front 9

The control group would have the same general characteristics as the experimental group, but would likely either receive ______________

Back 9

no treatment or receive the standard treatment.

Front 10

Can a control group recieve a treatment?

Back 10

Yes. Please be sure you understand that a control group can receive a treatment. It would often be unethical to withhold treatment altogether in a control group. The goal in research design is for the control group to differ from the experimental group in only one way (with or without the treatment being tested), so that it will be easy to interpret the results of the experiment.

Front 11

The goal in research design is for the control group to differ from the experimental group in what way?

Back 11

the control group differes from the experimental group in only one way (with or without the treatment being tested), so that it will be easy to interpret the results of the experiment

Front 12

When a subject is assigned to a group at random, it means they have .......

Back 12

an equal chance of being placed in any of the groups in an experiment, such as having a name drawn out of a hat

Front 13

Do subjects have to be assigned to groups at random in order for the experiment to be meaningful

Back 13

no

Front 14

In ________ research, no treatments are given. That does not necessarily make it more or less meaningful research.

Back 14

nonexperimental

Front 15

A survey isa common type of _______ research.

Back 15

nonexperimental

Front 16

14. Usually a researcher makes a real effort to assure that the act of measuring something does not ......

Back 16

affect or change the subject being measured

Front 17

A ________ study is one in which we 1) observe a current condition (such as cancer) and then 2) look to the past to identify causes of the condition (such as smoking). A researcher does not give treatments in this type of study, so it is nonexperimental.

Back 17

causal-comparative

Front 18

what type of study is a casual comparative study

Back 18

nonexperimental

Front 19

In a _______, a representative sample from a population is studied to describe characteristics of that population. We assume that observations of the sample apply to the entire population.

Back 19

survey

Front 20

In a ________, the entire population is studied, rather than a sample from the population.

Back 20

census

Front 21

A ______ usually is a study of only one subject. This allows for a more thorough understanding of an individual or group

Back 21

case study

Front 22

Field research, also called ________ , is a thorough, intensive case study of a group.

Back 22

ethnographic research

Front 23

_______ is when a researcher repeatedly measures the same trait over time. For example, you might measure a child’s response to stress from the age of one to age six.

Back 23

Longitudinal research

Front 24

________ is the study of the degree of relationship between two or more variables. For example, you might correlate exam scores on a test with the number of hours they reported studying for the test.

Back 24

Correlational research

Front 25

In _________, researchers develop theories and hypotheses that explain historical events.

Back 25

historical research

Front 26

A variable is a .......

Back 26

characteristic with more than one category. For example, gender is a variable with two categories, male or female

Front 27

Variables should be mutually.....
that is subjects can belong to.........

Back 27

exclusive, one, and only one, category. Male and female would be mutually exclusive, for instance.

Front 28

Categories should be _________, that is all possibilities should be included. give an example

Back 28

exhaustive
For instance, categories for age would be exhaustive if you had categories of 1-39 years old and 40-80 years old. It would not be exhaustive if you had age categories of 1-10 years old and 51-60 years old.

Front 29

In causal-comparative research, the presumed cause is called the _______

Back 29

independent variable.

Front 30

In causal-comparative research, the effect is called the _______.

Back 30

dependent variable

Front 31

All experiments must have at least how many independent and how many dependent variable.

Back 31

one independent and one dependent

Front 32

In non-experimental studies, researchers observe independent variables as

Back 32

they naturally occur. For example, researchers would observe the effect of exposure to air pollution on children’s asthma

Front 33

One independent variable could affect how many other independent variables

Back 33

It could effectr more than one dependent variable. For instance, a researcher could investigate the effect of exposure of a drug (independent variable) on body weight (dependent variable) and appetite (dependent variable).

Front 34

Experiments can have more than one independent variable. For instance, one could look at the influence of Drug A (independent variable) and Drug B (independent variable) on tumor growth (dependent variable). In this case, there would be four groups, what would they be

Back 34

Drug A is a dependent variable
Drug B is an independent variable
The dependent variable would be the tumor growth


a researcher should include four groups, 1) a control group with no treatment, 2) a treatment group given only Drug A, 3) a treatment group given only Drug B, and 4) a treatment group given both Drug A and Drug B, which would test the interaction of the two drugs.

Front 35

A research hypothesis is a ........

Back 35

is a prediction of the outcome of a study.

Front 36

A directional hypothesis predicts________ while a nondirectional hypothesis___________ of the difference between groups.

Back 36

directional hypothesis predicts which group will be higher or lower,

nondirectional hypothesis does not predict the direction

Front 37

As an alternative to posing an hypothesis, researchers can also pose a ________which states the question a researcher is trying to answer with a research study.

Back 37

research question,

Front 38

In what manner should research questions be formed.

Back 38

should not be stated in a manner that it can be answered with a “yes or no”.

Front 39

A researcher can either decide to pose an hypothesis or ask a research question, it is their choice. If they are able to predict a direction to the outcome of a study, then it is obvious a ________ hypothesis should be posed.

Back 39

directional

Front 40

A ________ definition gives an overall idea of a topic, while an ________ definition gives details on how you might measure or assess a topic. For instance, to do research could be defined as seeking new knowledge (_______) or as completing an experiment with independent and dependent variables (_______).

Back 40

conceptual
operational
conceptual
operational

Front 41

Note that an ________ definition is not complete, but rather a matter of degree.

Back 41

operational