Ouhsc Rad Therapy Test 1

Front 1

energy that is emitted by an atom and travels through space

Back 1

Radiation

Front 2

These are negatively charged subatomic particles that can be accelerated by a variety of machines or emitted from decaying isotopes and used for external beam treatment and brachytherapy.

Back 2

Electron

Front 3

What type of energy is used for superficial tumors or tumor beds

Back 3

Electron

Front 4

This is a small packet of electromagnetic radiation traveling through space at the speed of light (in a vacuum). It has no mass or electrical charge

Back 4

Photon

Front 5

these treat deep-seated tumors

Back 5

Photon

Front 6

in a linear accelerator ______ are accelerated and they can hit a target to produce _______ to be used for treating tumors or the ______ don’t hit the target and continue on so we can treat with them

Back 6

electrons
photons
electron

Front 7

These are verification films taken on the first day of treatment and typically once every 5 treatments (facility dependent). They are not for diagnostic use, but for localization purposes only to verify that the patient is lining up properly with each treatment.

Back 7

Port films

Front 8

for multiple field treatments, obliques, IMRT; we take take two images at a 90-degree angle from one another (typically AP and a LAT) to verify isocenter

Back 8

Orthogonal imaging

Front 9

provides the light tight conditions necessary for x-ray film and intensifying screens to work properly. It opens like a book, is made of material with a low atomic number such as cardboard, plastic or carbon fiber.

Back 9

Cassette

Front 10

this is located on each side of the inner part of the cassette

Back 10

intensifying screen

Front 11

this is placed between the intensifying screens for imaging

Back 11

film

Front 12

This is made of lead or other backing material to prevent unwanted scatter radiation from returning to the film once it has exited the cassette

Back 12

the back of cassette

Front 13

These are the simulation films or DRR's (digitally reconstructed radiograph), used as the baseline film to compare port films to. Indicates location of isocenter in patient

Back 13

Reference images

Front 14

what is DRR

Back 14

digitally reconstructed radiograph

Front 15

This is the removal of photons and electrons from a radiation beam by scatter or absorption as it travels through a medium, typically tissue or tissue equivalent material

Back 15

Attenuation

Front 16

– a distinct part of the linear accelerator that allows treatment field shaping and blocking through the use of motorized leaves in the head of the machine. Can reduce or eliminate the use of Cerrobend blocks

Back 16

Multileaf collimator (MLC)

Front 17

tissue equivalent material that is usually placed on the patient to increase the skin dose and/or even out irregular contours in the patient. When bolus is placed on the skin surface for MV radiation, skin sparing is lost.

Back 17

bolus

Front 18

a beam modifier that attenuates the beam across a field. Provides a better dose distribution

Back 18

wedge

Front 19

The _____ end of the wedge attenuates the greatest amount of radiation

Back 19

heel

Front 20

Wedge sizes – ___, ___, ___ and ___. Their orientation is designated by the ___; example: a 45-in indicates that the ___ of the wedge is positioned in to the gantry head.

Back 20

Wedge sizes – ___, ___, ___ and ___. Their orientation is designated by the ___; example: a 45-in indicates that the ___ of the wedge is positioned in to the gantry head.

15, 30, 45, and 60
heel
heel

Front 21

____ is the radiation beam size and dimensions

Back 21

collimation

Front 22

this is called the isocentric technique. Provides tumor localization in three dimensions

Back 22

SAD set-ups

Front 23

This is placed within the target volume with the aid of fluoroscopy and other imaging modalities

Back 23

isocenter

Front 24

This positions a fixed treatment distance of 100cm on the patient’s skin for each field.

Back 24

SSD set-ups

Front 25

This method requires repositioning the patient for each field before treatment. It usually uses a single field, two laterals or an AP/PA treatment. The field arrangement requires tumor localization in two dimensions only, because all tissues within these fields are treated and the exact depth of the tumor is not critical.

Back 25

SSD set-ups

Front 26

This field size is defined on the surface of the patient’s skin

Back 26

SSD set-up

Front 27

It is the central portion of the beam emanating from the target; the only part of the beam that is not divergent. In treatment plans with multiple fields, this part of each beam is directed toward the isocenter

Back 27

central axis

Front 28

This is the point of intersection of the three axes of rotation (gantry, collimator and base of couch) of the treatment unit

Back 28

isocenter

Front 29

This should be considered a reference point in space, a fixed distance (100cm) from the focal spot (source of x-ray production).

Back 29

isocenter

Front 30

This is the geometrical definition of the position and extent of the tumor or anatomic structures by reference of surface marks that can be used for treatment setup purposes

Back 30

localization

Front 31

This is a final check that makes sure each of the planned treatment beams does cover the tumor or target volume and does not irradiated critical normal structures.

Back 31

verification

Front 32

A Simm Verification or Block Check being done prior to the first treatment to ensure proper patient positioning is considered

Back 32

verification....uh, this question doesnt really make sence, just memorize the shit casue it was in our handout

Front 33

the measurement of the thickness of a patient along the central axis or at any other specified point within the irradiated field.

Back 33

Separation

Front 34

You use a caliper to find patients _______

Back 34

Separation

Front 35

This is the dimensions of a treatment field at the isocenter, which are represented by width x length.

Back 35

Field Size

Front 36

This is a machine designated to assist the physician and therapist in the treatment planning process.

Back 36

Simulator

Front 37

This is where we start with the patient to set-up positioning and immobilization devices and treatment parameters

Back 37

Simulation

Front 38

This projects a scale onto the patient’s skin, which corresponds to the SSD used during simulation or treatment

Back 38

Optical Distance Indicator – (ODI)

Front 39

What is ODI

Back 39

Optical Distance Indicator

Front 40

This is the most common combined-field geometry in which two treatment fields share common central axes, 180 degrees apart. Example: AP/PA

Back 40

Parallel opposed (POP)

Front 41

What is POP

Back 41

Parallel opposed

Front 42

This is the energy absorbed per unit mass of any material; units are the centigray (cGY) or rad (older term) (100 ergs per gram) or gray (1 Gy = 1 joule per kilogram).
1 Gy = 100 cGy or 100 rads

Back 42

Absorbed dose

Front 43

This is the distance between the patient’s skin and the point of calculation

Back 43

Depth

Front 44

This is produced when an x-ray photon interacts with an outer-shell orbital electron with sufficient energy to eject it from orbit and alter its own path

Back 44

Scatter

Front 45

This is the depth at which electronic equilibrium occurs for photon beams. This is also the depth of maximum absorbed dose and ionization for photons, from a single treatment field.

Back 45

Dmax

Front 46

What is the Dmax for:
4 MV
6 MV
10 MV
18 MV
24 MV

Back 46

4 MV 1.0 cm
6 MV 1.5 cm
10 MV 2.5 cm
18 MV 3.5 cm
24 MV 4.0 cm

Front 47

This is referred to as the dose rate of the machine. Dose rate should be specified for field size, distance and medium

Back 47

Output

Front 48

This also known as output. It is the dose rate of a treatment machine. It is the amount of radiation exposure produced by a treatment machine or source as specified at a reference field size and at a specified reference distance

Back 48

Dose rate

Front 49

This is a unit of output used for linear accelerators. The accelerators are calibrated so that one MU delivers 1 cGy for a standard. The reference field size is a standard reference depth at a standard source to calibration point

Back 49

Monitor Units

Front 50

To figure this, we must consider the prescribed dose, output, reference dose rate
percent depth dose, tray factor, wedge factor

Back 50

Monitor Units

Front 51

What is the formula for finding the monitor units

Back 51

MU = Prescribed Dose(cGy)
_________________________
Output (cGy/MU) x Output factor x PDD x Tray factor

Front 52

This is therapy that delivers nonuniform exposure across the beam’s eye view using a variety of techniques and equipment

Back 52

IMRT – (Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy)

Front 53

What is IMRT

Back 53

Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy

Front 54

This is the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the absorbed dose at a given depth to the absorbed dose at a fixed reference depth, usually Dmax

Back 54

Percent depth dose

Front 55

This is the spreading out of the beam of radiation. The farther from the source, the more the beam has spread. We need to be aware of beam this when setting up adjacent fields or where field edges are near critical structures. This part of the beam is taken into account when performing field size calculations and many dose calculations

Back 55

Divergence

Front 56

/PA to ~ 4500 cGy followed by POP oblique fields that are off-cord

Back 56

Lung

Front 57

This type of cancer recieves medial and lateral tangentials followed by an electron scar/tumor bed boost

Back 57

Breast

Front 58

: most places are using IMRT, however you may also see it as a 4-field pelvis (AP/PA and RT/LT Lats) or conformal therapy (4 obliques and RT/LT lats)

Back 58

Prostate

Front 59

typically a 4-field pelvis

Back 59

GYN

Front 60

What are the field arrangements for an abdomen

Back 60

AP and PA

Front 61

LATS, LATS with an AP Yoke field, use boost fields to come off-cord

Back 61

Head and Neck

Front 62

What is the field arrangements for a whole brain

Back 62

Rt and Lt Lats

Front 63

What is the field arrangements for a brain

Back 63

Most places use IMRT

Front 64

What is the field arrangements for a spine

Back 64

typically single PA field, patient prone

Front 65

Thisis the field arrangement for what? The patient is prone, PA and RT/LT LATS

Back 65

Rectum

Front 66

Field aarrangement for an extremity is typically.....

Back 66

AP and PA

Front 67

This field arrangement typically uses AP/PA followed by obliques off-cord

Back 67

Esophagus

Front 68

What part of the Linac contains the monitor & distributing “stuff” to the magnetron or klystron

Back 68

modulator cabinet

Front 69

What part of the Linac contains the primary electrical power and
high-voltage pulses

Back 69

modulator cabinet

Front 70

What part of the Linac contains the noisiest componant

Back 70

modulator cabinet

Front 71

What part of the Linac contains the Klystron/Magnetron
Circulator
Waveguide
Cooling System

Back 71

drive stand

Front 72

This is the device that produces microwaves
(really small wavelength 10E-6) where the electrons “spiral out” from the inner cathode to outer anode radiating energy in the form of microwaves. its used in low energy Linacs

Back 72

magnetron

Front 73

What part of a LINAC is this decribing and where would it be housed? Electrons from cathode are accelerated by a negative pulse of voltage into the “buncher”
Incoming low-power microwaves setup an alternating electric field across the cavity which alters the velocity of the electrons. The electron bunches arrive at “catcher” and induce charges on the ends of the cavity retarding the electric field

Back 73

Klystron
Housed in the drive stand

Front 74

This is placed between the klystron and waveguide
and prevents “reflected” microwaves from returning

Back 74

Circulator

Front 75

This is a hollow accordion-looking tube-like structure
that “Guides” the microwaves to the accelerator structure in the gantry

Back 75

Waveguide

Front 76

These parts of the LINAC are housed in the _______
Electron Gun (gridded gun)
Accelerator structure
Treatment head
Bending Magnet
Tungsten Target

Back 76

Gantry

Front 77

These parts of the LINAC are housed in the ______
Primary collimators
Beam-flattening filter
Target/scattering foil
Ion chambers
Field light
Secondary Collimators
MLCs
Slots for beam-shaping & modifying devices

Back 77

Gantry

Front 78

MU

Back 78

monitor units

Front 79

HDR

Back 79

high dose rate brachytherapy

Front 80

LDR

Back 80

low doase rate brachytherapy

Front 81

Blk

Back 81

block custom

Front 82

Bo

Back 82

bolus

Front 83

Col (with the little angle symbol that my computer wont do cause its a piece)

Back 83

collimation angle

Front 84

Gan (with the little angle symbol that my computer wont do cause its a piece)

Back 84

gantry angle

Front 85

FS

Back 85

field size

Front 86

SUP

Back 86

superior

Front 87

INF

Back 87

inferior

Front 88

SSD

Back 88

Source-to-skin- distance

Front 89

SSD

Back 89

Source-to-skin- distance

Front 90

SSN

Back 90

Supra-sternal notch

Front 91

SSN

Back 91

Supra-sternal notch

Front 92

SCF

Back 92

Supraclavicular fossa

Front 93

SCF

Back 93

Supraclavicular fossa

Front 94

Sep

Back 94

Separation/thickness

Front 95

Sep

Back 95

Separation/thickness

Front 96

SFD

Back 96

Source-to film distance

Front 97

SSD

Back 97

Source-to-skin- distance

Front 98

SFD

Back 98

Source-to film distance

Front 99

ABD

Back 99

Abdomen

Front 100

ABD

Back 100

Abdomen

Front 101

BAS

Back 101

Barium Swallow

Front 102

SSN

Back 102

Supra-sternal notch

Front 103

BAS

Back 103

Barium Swallow

Front 104

Ba

Back 104

Barium

Front 105

SCF

Back 105

Supraclavicular fossa

Front 106

AP

Back 106

Anterio-Posterior

Front 107

Ba

Back 107

Barium

Front 108

AP

Back 108

Anterio-Posterior

Front 109

Sep

Back 109

Separation/thickness

Front 110

ALARA

Back 110

As Low As Reasonably Achievable.

Front 111

ALARA

Back 111

As Low As Reasonably Achievable.

Front 112

SFD

Back 112

Source-to film distance

Front 113

ABD

Back 113

Abdomen

Front 114

BAS

Back 114

Barium Swallow

Front 115

Ba

Back 115

Barium

Front 116

AP

Back 116

Anterio-Posterior

Front 117

ALARA

Back 117

As Low As Reasonably Achievable.

Front 118

BE

Back 118

Barium Enema

Front 119

CEU

Back 119

Continuing Education Unit

Front 120

CAU

Back 120

Caudal

Front 121

ANC

Back 121

Absolute neutrophil count

Front 122

AML

Back 122

Acute Myeloid leukaemia

Front 123

AJCC

Back 123

American Joint Committee on Cancer

Front 124

ALL

Back 124

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

Front 125

BCC

Back 125

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Front 126

BM

Back 126

Bone Marrow

Front 127

BID

Back 127

Twice a day

Front 128

BMT

Back 128

Bone Marrow Transplant

Front 129

Ca

Back 129

Cancer; carcinoma

Front 130

C/W

Back 130

Continue With

Front 131

C/O

Back 131

Complaining of

Front 132

Bx

Back 132

Biopsy

Front 133

BSE

Back 133

Breast Self Examination

Front 134

BSA

Back 134

Body Surface Area

Front 135

cc

Back 135

Cubic centimeter

Front 136

CEA

Back 136

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

Front 137

CGL

Back 137

Chronic Granulocytic Leukaemia

Front 138

CMV

Back 138

Cytomegalo virus

Front 139

CPR

Back 139

Cardio pulmonary resuscitation

Front 140

CNS

Back 140

Central nervous system - the brain and spine

Front 141

cGy

Back 141

Centi Gray

Front 142

CLL

Back 142

Chronic lymphocytic Leukaemia

Front 143

CML

Back 143

Chronic myeloid leukaemia

Front 144

FU

Back 144

Follow up

Front 145

GA

Back 145

General Anaesthetic

Front 146

GPR

Back 146

Good Partial Remission

Front 147

GU

Back 147

Genito-urinary

Front 148

Gy

Back 148

Grays

Front 149

HL-A

Back 149

Human Leukocyte Associated antigens (HL-A matching for BMT)

Front 150

H/O

Back 150

History of

Front 151

HCC

Back 151

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Front 152

HD

Back 152

Hodgkin's Disease
or
high dose

Front 153

HDC

Back 153

High Dose Chemotherapy

Front 154

HR

Back 154

High risk

Front 155

HRT

Back 155

Hormone replacement therapy

Front 156

I-131

Back 156

Radioactive Iodine

Front 157

ICD

Back 157

International Classification of Diseases

Front 158

IL2

Back 158

Interleukin2

Front 159

PFS

Back 159

Progression Free Survival

Front 160

PSA

Back 160

prostate-specific antigen

Front 161

PR

Back 161

Partial Responce / Partial Remission

Front 162

PH

Back 162

Past History

Front 163

QALY

Back 163

Quality-Adjusted Life Year

Front 164

RFS

Back 164

Relapse free survival - Time from diagnosis to relapse or death.

Front 165

QoL

Back 165

Quality of Life

Front 166

RCT

Back 166

Randomised Controlled Trial

Front 167

RNA

Back 167

ribonucleic acid

Front 168

RT

Back 168

Radiotherapy

Front 169

SD

Back 169

Stable Disease

Front 170

SCLC

Back 170

Small cell lung cancer

Front 171

SCC

Back 171

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Front 172

SC

Back 172

Subcutaneous

Front 173

SAE

Back 173

Serious Adverse Event

Front 174

CHD

Back 174

Coronary Heart Disease

Front 175

ECG

Back 175

Electro Cardiogram

Front 176

DICOM

Back 176

Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine

Front 177

OD

Back 177

Optical Density

Front 178

ADR

Back 178

Adverse Drug Reaction

Front 179

3DCRT

Back 179

3 Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy

Front 180

TLD

Back 180

Thermoluminescent Dosimeter

Front 181

PACS

Back 181

Picture Archive and Communications System

Front 182

5-FU

Back 182

5-Fluorouracil

Front 183

ABMT

Back 183

Autologous bone marrow transplant

Front 184

CR

Back 184

Complete remission / complete response

Front 185

CRF

Back 185

Chronic renal failure

Front 186

CVC

Back 186

Central venous catheters

Front 187

CT

Back 187

Chemotherapy
or
computerized tomography

Front 188

D/C

Back 188

Discharge

Front 189

DFS

Back 189

Disease Free Survival

Front 190

DFI

Back 190

Disease Free Interval

Front 191

DDx

Back 191

Differential diagnosis

Front 192

D/H

Back 192

Drug History

Front 193

D/W

Back 193

Discussed With

Front 194

DCIS

Back 194

Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

Front 195

DI

Back 195

Diabetes Incipidus

Front 196

ECG

Back 196

Electrocardiogram

Front 197

EBV

Back 197

Epstein-Barr Virus

Front 198

ECOG

Back 198

Eastern Cooperative Group

Front 199

FNA

Back 199

Fine Needle Aspiration

Front 200

FFA

Back 200

For Further Appointment

Front 201

EFS

Back 201

Event Free Survival

Front 202

ENT

Back 202

Ear nose throat

Front 203

ETS

Back 203

Environmental Tobacco Smoke

Front 204

F/H

Back 204

Family history

Front 205

LCIS

Back 205

Lobular Carcinoma In Situ

Front 206

LN

Back 206

Lymph Node

Front 207

LP

Back 207

Lumbar puncture

Front 208

Lx

Back 208

Lumpectomy

Front 209

MDR

Back 209

Multi drug resistant

Front 210

MAB

Back 210

Monoclonal antibody

Front 211

M/H

Back 211

Medical history

Front 212

Mx

Back 212

Mastectomy

Front 213

NAD

Back 213

No Abnormality Detected

Front 214

NHL

Back 214

Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Front 215

NED

Back 215

No evidence of disease

Front 216

NK

Back 216

Not known

Front 217

NMR

Back 217

Nuclear magnetic resonance

Front 218

NOS

Back 218

Not otherwise specified

Front 219

PD

Back 219

Progressive disease

Front 220

OS

Back 220

Overall Survival

Front 221

NSCLC

Back 221

Non-small cell lung cancer

Front 222

NSR

Back 222

Non significant result

Front 223

O/E

Back 223

On Examination

Front 224

SGOT

Back 224

Serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase

Front 225

SH

Back 225

Social history

Front 226

SGPT

Back 226

Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase

Front 227

SWOG

Back 227

Southwest Oncology Group

Front 228

TBI

Back 228

Total body irradiation

Front 229

ULN

Back 229

Upper Limits of Normal

Front 230

Tx

Back 230

Treatment

Front 231

TNM

Back 231

Staging system - primary tumor

Front 232

TCP

Back 232

Thrombocytopenia

Front 233

TCC

Back 233

Transitional Cell Carcinoma

Front 234

WCC

Back 234

White cell count

Front 235

XRT

Back 235

Radiotherapy (external)