Ouhsc Phys Female Reproductive Phys

Front 1

What are the functional components of the female reproductive system?

Back 1

Ovaries, Uterus, and Hypothalamus-anterior pituitary

Front 2

What are the components of the female reproductive system?

Back 2

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (myometrium and endometrium), cervix, and vagina

Front 3

What are the Ovarian functions?

Back 3

Oogenesis, follicle growth, formation of corpus luteum, and division of menstrual cycle

Front 4

During Oogenesis, what undergoes mitotic division in the female fetus?
When does this occur?

Back 4

Oogonia
from 6 to 24 weeks of gestation

Front 5

Oogonia differentiate into ___ and begin first meiotic division starting at ___ weeks of gestation.

Back 5

primary oocytes
9

Front 6

T/F Primary oocytes do not undergo cell division and all primary oocytes enter state of meiotic arrest by fifth month of gestation.

Back 6

First statement true
Second statement false- sixth month

Front 7

At birth, how many eggs are present in the ovaries?

Back 7

2 to 4 million

Front 8

When does meiotic activity begin again?

Back 8

at puberty

Front 9

When do selected oocytes develop and undergo first meiotic division to generate the secondary oocyte?

Back 9

just before ovulation

Front 10

Both oocytes contain how many chromosomes?
Each chromosome has previously replicated into ___ in the fetus.
Of the two daughter oocytes, only one contains all of the what?
The other oocyte contains half of the chromosomes and is called what?

Back 10

23
sister chromatids
cytoplasm
polar body- is not functional

Front 11

When and where does the oocyte undergo the second meiotic division developing another polar body w/ half of the oocyte DNA that disintegrates?
The resulting cell is called a ___ and contains a single copy of the ___ chromosomes.

Back 11

At fertilization in the uterine tube

ovum
maternal

Front 12

What does meiosis produce?

Back 12

1 egg and 2 polar bodies

Front 13

One primary oocyte produces what?

Back 13

one mature ovum

Front 14

What is formed when oogonia begins meiosis and develops into a primary oocyte?
When does this happen?

Back 14

Primordial follicles

~16 weeks of gestation

Front 15

What is the single layer of spindle chaped cells called that surround the primary oocyte?

Back 15

pregranulosa cells

Front 16

What forms between pregranulosa cells and oocyte?

Back 16

gap junctions

Front 17

What surrounds pregranulosa cells?

Back 17

basement membrane

Front 18

At the beginning of the menstrual cycle, ___ primordial follicles are recruited and develope into what?

Back 18

10-25
primary follicles

Front 19

At the beginning of the menstrual cycle, what happens to pregranulosa cells?

Back 19

they become cuboidal and differentiate into granulosa cells

Front 20

What do granulosa cells do?

Back 20

secrete mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins to form the zona pelucida bw the oocyte and granulosa cells

Front 21

Preantral follicle:
- ___ cells divide and form several layers
-Granulosa cells secrete what?
-Cells from connective tissue in ovary are recruited to the follicle and differentiate into ___ cells which surround the ___ outside the basement membrane.
-Theca cells acquire ___ receptors and ability to ____

Back 21

-Granulosa
-estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin
-theca cells; granulosa cells
-LH; secrete steroids

Front 22

In the antral follicle, granulosa cells secrete fluid and form fluid filled space called the what?
What receptors appear on these granulosa cells?

Back 22

antrum
LH

Front 23

When is the dominant follicle determined?

Back 23

~7 days into cycle

Front 24

What is it called when other follicles degenerate without ovulating?

Back 24

Follicular atresia

Front 25

What kind of follicle has a large fluid-filled antrum and the oocyte is surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells which are connected to the follicle by the cumulus oophorus?

Back 25

Mature (Graffian) follicle

Front 26

In the mature follicle, what happens prior to ovulation?

Back 26

the first meiotic division and the oocyte breaks free and floats in the antrum

Front 27

What day of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?

Back 27

14

Front 28

What occurs when the follicular and ovarian walls rupture due to enzymatic digestion?

Back 28

Ovulation

Front 29

During ovulation, the secondary oocyte is covered by corona radiata which is made up of what?

Back 29

the zona pellucida and a layer of granulosa cells

Front 30

After egg and antral fluid are lost, remaining granulosa and theca cells of the follicle are transformed into what?

Back 30

corpus luteum

Front 31

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

Back 31

estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin

Front 32

If no fertilization occurs corpus luteum is active for about __ days, then it does what?

Back 32

10
degenerates

Front 33

What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?

Back 33

Follicular phase- from beginning of menstruation until ovulation

Luteal phase- form ovulation to beginning of menstruation

Front 34

During the follicular phase, what are the 4 actions of FSH?

Back 34

-controls follicular development
-stimulates granulosa cells to produce estrogen from androgens
-stimulates granulosa cell inhibin production, which gives negative feedback on anterior pituitary
-induces LH receptors and more FSH receptors on granulosa cells

Front 35

During the follicular phase, what are the actions of LH?

Back 35

-stimulates theca cells to produce androgens (precursors to estrogen)
-causes egg to resume meiosis (1st meiotic division and formation of seconday oocyte)

Front 36

During the follicular stage, what are the actions of estrogen?

Back 36

-low plasma concentration gives a negative feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
-high plasma concentration gives a positive feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Front 37

Ovulation: requires a surge of ___; release of egg and formation of corpus luteum from ___ & ___ cells; may be associated w/ midcycle ___ of short duration; body temp rises ____ immediately ___ ovulation.

Back 37

LH
theca and granulosa
localized pain
0.5-1.0 degrees F
After

Front 38

During the Luteal Phase, LH stimulates production of ___ by the corpus luteum which ___ frequency of GnRH pulses.

Back 38

progesterone
suppresses

Front 39

During the Luteal Phase, what is involved in the loss of corpus luteum?

Back 39

prostaglandins

Front 40

During the Proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, actions of estrogen last approximately how many days?

Back 40

10

Front 41

During the Proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, what do increasing estrogen levels do?

Back 41

stimulate growth and development of endometrium and myometrium; induces progesterone receptors needed for secretory phase

Front 42

When does the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle occur?
What is it primarily due to?

Back 42

bw ovulation and onset of menstruation

actions of progesterone

Front 43

What occurs during the secretory phase?

Back 43

Maturation of endometrial glands and blood vessels which stimulates glandular secretion that inhibits myometrial contractions

Front 44

How long does the Menstrual phase last?

Back 44

3-5 days

Front 45

What is the Menstrual phase due to ?

Back 45

fall of estrogen and progesterone

Front 46

During the Menstrual phase, what occurs due to the fall in estrogen and progesterone levels?

Back 46

secretion of prostaglandins which cause smooth muscle contraction (uterine contractions, cramps; vasoconstriction, which causes endometrium to slough)

Front 47

Menstrual flow is due to what?
Typical blood loss is how much?

Back 47

sloughing of endometrial cell debris and blood
50-150mL

Front 48

When do females begin puberty and what is the cause?
What is the triggering mechanism of this?

Back 48

-10-12 years of age
GnRH levels increase, causing sex steroid levels to increase
-unknown

Front 49

During female puberty, secondary sex characteristics develop due to what?
___ is a later event in puberty.

Back 49

increased estrogen

first menstrual period

Front 50

In males puberty begins at what age?

Back 50

12-16 years of age

Front 51

What are the first signs of male puberty?

Back 51

increased secretion of androgens from adrenal glands which causes increased pubic and axillary hair and growth spurt

Front 52

During male puberty, an increase in what hormone causes increased gonadotropin secretion from anterior pituitary and sex hormone secretion from gonads?

Back 52

GnRH

Front 53

During male puberty, secretion of what causes changes in secondary sex characteristics?

Back 53

testosterone

Front 54

What is Menopause due to?

Back 54

low # of ovarian follicles b/c ovaries no longer respond to LH or FSH due to loss of follicles and eggs

Front 55

During Menopause, hypothalamus and pituitary function ___, ___ levels are higher due to lack of feedback from estrogen.

Back 55

normally
gonadotropin

Front 56

During Menopause, timing of __, ___, and ___ become disorganized.

Back 56

brain, pituitary, and ovarian hormonal surges

Front 57

How can the symptoms of Menopause be lessened?

Back 57

by sex steroid therapy

Front 58

In aged men, what happens to the gonadotropin and testosterone secretion?

Back 58

it continues throughout life

Front 59

When does the testosterone levels in aged men begin to decline and why?

Back 59

~40 possibly due to decreased sentivity of gonads to LH and FSH

Front 60

Men remain fertile until what age?

Back 60

60's or 70's