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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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between _______ and _______ individuals suffer from hypertension in the US alone
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25 and 45 million
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hypertensive disease is the main contributor to what diseases
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stroke
heart failure CAD renal failure |
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effective pharmacological treatment of hypertension can greatly reduce the incidence of progressive ____ and ______
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cardiovascular and renal complications
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hypertension is divided into ranks based on diastolic blood pressure:
mild = _____ moderate= ______ severe= _______ |
mild = 90 - 105 mm Hg
moderate= 105 - 120 mm Hg severe= above 120 mm Hg |
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a sustained blood pressure in escess of ____ requires immediate medical attention
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130 mm Hg
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what are 3 natural was some people can decrease blood pressure
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dercreased sodium intake
weight control exercise |
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about _____% of people have high blood pressure sue to someunderlying organic problem such as pheochromocytoma or renal disese
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10%
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people with hypertension of unknown etiology are generally refered to as having ______ hypertension
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essential
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the ultimate aim of anti-hypertensive therapy is to produce a sustained lowering of blood pressure by.....
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reducing the total peripheral resistance (TPR)
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what does TPR stand for
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total peripheral resistance
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almost al hypertensive patietn have ____ cardiac output and elevated _____
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noraml cardiac output and elevated TPR
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what are two of the greatest problems with the drugs used to treat hypertension
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compliance by the patient in taking the drugs as directed and the mass of side effects that occur
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does treatmetn of hypertension usually include one drug or numerous drugs
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numerous (polytherapy)
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with hypertension what aspect of blood pressure are we mainly concerned with
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mean arterial blood pressure
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mean arterial pressure is a product of .......
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cardiac output (what your heart is outting out) and the amount of peripheral resistance
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3 thing that effect / control peripheral resistance
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Nervous control
Intrinsic vascular responsiveness Angiotension formation |
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what controls heart rate
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nervous control
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what controls cardiac output
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stroke volume and heart rate
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what controls stroke volume
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venous return and myocarial contractibility
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what controls myocardial contractibility
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muscular responsivness
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what controls venous reutrn
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blood volume and venous tone
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what controls blood volume
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renal function
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what controls peripheral resistance
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nervous control
intrinsic vascualr responsiveness angiotension II formation |
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what controls angiotension II formation
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renin release
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what controils renin release
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renal function
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what influences the nervous control when dealing with peripheral resistance
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CNS factors
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what are the 4 main groups of drugs that are used to treat hypertension
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diuretics
sympathoplegics vasodialators angiotension antagonists |
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sympathoplegic drugs are used to treat what?
what do they block? |
treat hypertension
block: alpha or beta receptors nerve terminals ganglia CNS sympathetic outflow |
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what are the 3 tyoes of vasodialators that are used to treat hypertension
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older oral vasodialators
calcium blockers parenteral vasodilators |
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what are the angiotension antagonists used to treat hypertension
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ACE inhibitors
recerptor blockers |
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when used to treat hypertension, angioantagonists block ______
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ganglia
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waht is the main side effects of using a vasodialator
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edema (cause your basically stretching the vessel)
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calcium channel antagonists are often used to treat _______
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hypertension
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if you get rid of all the autonomic tone in your body, will your blood pressure drop?
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no, because you have intrinsic factors also controlling blood pressure
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one of the main intrinsic things in your blood vessels is
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nitrus oxide
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which of the hypertension drugs were originally not lipid soluble and could not be taken orally
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angiotension antagonist receptor blockers
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everything is filtered from the blood except for large protiens in the ______ of hte kidney
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nephron
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water permiability in the ______ of the nephron is high
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glomerulus and proximal tubule
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what part of the nephron has the least amount of water permiability
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loop of henle
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in which part of the nephron is the water permiability variable
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distal tubule and the collecting duct
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in the nephron, the distal tubule is thicker than the loop of henle because ......
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there are microorganisms in it to reabsorb water and get rid of sodium chloride
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often the nephron will retain sodium (which it normall excretes) in trade for ______, so the sodium is kept int he body
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potassium
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aldosterone promotes the reabsorption of ____ and _____ in the kidney. this concentrates the urine and raises the ______ and ______
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sodium and water
blood pressure and blood volume |
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what are the 3 main drugs diuretics used to treat hypertension
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chlorothiazide
furosemide spironolactone |
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chlorothiazide acts on the _______
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distal convoluted tubule
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chlorothiazide prevents
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the reabsorption of sodium chloride and water in the kidney
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Furosemide acts on the
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ascending limb of the nephron
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Furosemide prevents
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chloride, sodium, and water reabsorption
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what diuretic can cause soemone to become hypocalcemic (why)
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furosemide- because it blocks chloride
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Thsi drug is used to treat patients with hyperaldosteronism (the body produces too much aldosterone.
what tyoe of drug is it? |
Spironolactone
diuretic |
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aldesterone is released in the ______. what does it do?
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adrenal cortex.
it keeps sodium in the blood stream and releases potassium instead |
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what produces plasma psudoglobulin
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renin
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name the angiotension antagonists and give an examples
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angiotension converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (LISINOPRIL)
and angiotension receptor antagonists (LOSARTAN) |
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name an angiotension converting enzyme
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lisinopril
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name an angiotension receptor antagonist
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losartan
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what do ACE inhibitors do?
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ACE inhibitors are medications that slow (inhibit) the activity of the enzyme ACE, which decreases the production of angiotensin II. As a result, the blood vessels enlarge or dilate, and blood pressure is reduced. This lower blood pressure makes it easier for the heart to pump blood
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what does angiotension II do?
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Angiotensin II is a very potent chemical made from angiotension I, that causes muscles surrounding blood vessels to contract, thereby narrowing blood vessels. This narrowing increases the pressure within the vessels and can cause high blood pressure (hypertension).
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what do angiotenstion receptor antagonist (angiotrenstion blockers) do?
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Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are medications that block the action of angiotensin II by preventing angiotensin II from binding to angiotensin II receptors on blood vessels. As a result, blood vessels enlarge (dilate) and blood pressure is reduced. Angiotensin II receptor blockers are primarily used for the treatment of hypertension where the patient is intolerant of ACE inhibitor therapy
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waht are the 3 types of diuretics
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THIAZIDES AND RELATED AGENTS
LOOP DIURETICS POTASIUM SPARING DIURETICS |
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GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A THIAZIDES AND RELATED AGENTS
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CHLOROTHIAZIDE
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CHLOROTHIAZIDE WORKS ON THE ......
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DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE OF NEPHRON
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WHAT DOES CHLOROTHIAZIDE DO
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PREVENTS REABSORPTION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE AND WATER
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GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A LOOP DIURETIC
WHAT DOES A LOOP DIURETIC |
FUROSEMIDE
Loop diuretics are diuretics that act on the ascending loop of Henle in the kidney. While thiazide diuretics are more effective in patients with normal kidney function, loop diuretics are more effective in patients with impaired kidney function |
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WHAT DOES FUROSEMIDE ACT ON
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ACTS ON ACENDOING LIMB OF NEPHRON
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WHAT DOES FUROSEMIDE ACT ON
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PREVENTS SODIUM, CHLORIDE, AND WATER REABSORPTION (CAN BECOME HYPERCALCEMIC, BECAUSE IT BLOCKS CHLORIDE) IT IS USED TO GET RID OF ESCESS FLUID
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GIVE ANEXAMPLE OF A POTASSIUM SPARING DIURETIC
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SPIRONOLACTONE
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WHAT DOES SPIRONOLACTONE ACT ON
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PREVENTS PROPENSITORY MECHANISM
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WHAT DOES SPIRONOLACTONE DO
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ALDESTERON ANTAGONIST (AKA AN ALDESTERON BLOCKER) IT BLOCKS ALDERSTERON FROM THE RECEPTORS, THERBY INCREASING THE AMOUNT OF SODIUM THE KIDNEYS FILTER OUT, THEREFORE INCREASING THE AMOUNT OF WATER EXCRETED AS WELL
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WHAT ARE THE 4 SYMPATHOLYTIC DRUGS
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CENTRALLY ACTING AGENTS
BETA –ADRENOCEPTOR ANTAGONISTS ALPHA-ADRENOCEPTOR ANTAGONISTS MIXED ANTAGONISTS (ALPHA & BETA) |
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WHAT IS THE CENTRALLY ACTING SYMPATHOLYTIC DRUG
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CLONIDINE
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WHAT DOES CLONIDINE ACT ON
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STIMULATES ALPHA RECEPTORS IN THE BRAIN
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WHAT DOES CLONIDINE DO
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CAN BE USED IN OPIOID WITHDRAWL WITH HYPERTENSION IT CHANGES THE BODIES HORMONES, RELAXING THE BLOOD VESSELS. USUALLY GIVEN WITH A DIURETIC CAUSE IT CAUSES SODIUM AND WATER RETENTION
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WHAT ARE THE SYMPATHOLYTIC BETA –ADRENOCEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
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PROPRANOLOL
METOPROLOL ATENOLOL |
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WHAT DO THE SYMPATHOLYTIC BETA –ADRENOCEPTOR ANTAGONISTS ACT ON
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ACT ON THE BETA RECEPTORS IN THE HEART
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WHAT DO THE SYMPATHOLYTIC BETA –ADRENOCEPTOR ANTAGONISTS PROPRANOLOL, METOPROLOL, AND ATENOLOL
ACT ON |
ACT ON THE BETA RECEPTORS IN THE HEART
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WHAT DO THE SYMPATHOLYTIC BETA –ADRENOCEPTOR ANTAGONISTS PROPRANOLOL, METOPROLOL, AND ATENOLOL DO
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THESE 3 DRUGS LOWER BP BY BLOCKING THE ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS IN THE HEART (WHICH ARE RESPONDIBLE FOR INCREASING HR)
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WHAT DO THE SYMPATHOLYTIC BETA –ADRENOCEPTOR ANTAGONISTS DO
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THESE 3 DRUGS LOWER BP BY BLOCKING THE ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS IN THE HEART (WHICH ARE RESPONDIBLE FOR INCREASING HR)
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WHAT ARE THE SYMPATHOLYTIC ALPHA-ADRENOCEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
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PRAZOSIN
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WHAT DOES THE SYMPATHOLYTIC ALPHA-ADRENOCEPTOR ANTAGONISTS ACT ON
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WORK ON ALPHA RECEPTORS IN BLOOD VESSELS
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WHAT DOES THE SYMPATHOLYTIC ALPHA-ADRENOCEPTOR ANTAGONIST DO
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RELAXES AND WIDES BLOOD VESSELS SO BLOOD CAN FLOW MORE EASILY. CAN ALSO BE USED TO TREAT URINATION PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH BENIGN PROSTATIC HYERTENSION
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WHAT DOES PRAZOSIN ACT ON
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WORK ON ALPHA RECEPTORS IN BLOOD VESSELS
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WHAT DOES PRAZOSIN DO
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RELAXES AND WIDES BLOOD VESSELS SO BLOOD CAN FLOW MORE EASILY. CAN ALSO BE USED TO TREAT URINATION PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH BENIGN PROSTATIC HYERTENSION
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WHAT ARE THE MIXED SYMPATHOLYTIC ANTAGONISTS (ALPHA & BETA)
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LABETALOL
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WHAT DOES LABETALOL ACT ON
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BLOCKS EPI IN ALPHA AND BETA RECEPTOR IN BOTH THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS
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WHAT DOES LABETALOL DO
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LOWERS THE HR AND BP BY BLOCKING THE ALPHA AND BETA RECEPTORS
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WHAT DOES THE MIXED SYMPATHOLYTIC ANTAGONIST (ALPHA & BETA) ACT ON
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BLOCKS EPI IN ALPHA AND BETA RECEPTOR IN BOTH THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS
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WHAT DO THE MIXED SYMPATHOLYTIC ANTAGONISTS (ALPHA & BETA) DO
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LOWERS THE HR AND BP BY BLOCKING THE ALPHA AND BETA RECEPTORS
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WHAT ARE THE 3 DIRECT VASODILATORS
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ARTERIAL VASODIALATORS
CALCIUM ANTAGONISTS ARTERIAL AND VENOUS VASODIALATORS |
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WHAT IS THE ARTERIAL VASODIALATOR
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MINOXIDIL
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WHATARE THE CALCIUM ANTAGONISTS
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AMLODIPINE
VERAPAMIL NIFEDIPINE DILTIAZEM |
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WHAT IS THE ARTERIAL AND VENOUS VASODIALATOR
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SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE
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WHAT DOES MINOXIDIL ACT ON AND WHAT DOES IT DO
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ACTS ON THE BLOOD VESSELS
IT DECREASES HYPERTENSION BY RELAXING BLOOD VESSELS (VASODIALATOR |
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WHAT SO THE CALCIUM ANTAGONISTS ACT ON
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THEY DISRUPT THE MOVEMENT OF CALCIUM THRU CALCIUM CHANNELS. THEY REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF CALCIUM ENTERING THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS. THEY ALSO RELAX AND WIDEN THE BLOOD VESSLES OF THE HEART WITHIN THE ARTERIAL WALLS, PROMOTING LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE
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WHAT DOES AMLODIPINE DO
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– BEST CALCIUM BLOCKER CAUSE IT ONLY HAS TO BE TAKEN ONE A DAY
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WHAT DOES VERAPAMIL DO
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– IS A STRONG CARDIODEPRESSANT. CANT BE TAKEN IF YOUR OLD, CAN BE TAKEN IF YOU ARE YOUNG
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WHAT DOES NIFEDIPINE DO
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NIFEDIPINE – IS NOT A CARDIODEPRESSANT (REMEMBER N ….. FOR NOT CARDIODEPRESSANT)
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WHAT DOES DILTIAZEM DO
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– IT IS A DIRECT VASODILATOR / CALCIUM ANTAGONIST. IT IS ON THE MIDDLE FOR BEING A CARDIODEPRESSANT. (REMEMBER D… FOR DUAL. NOT A STRONG OR WEAK CARDIODEPRESSANT)
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WHAT IS THE DIRECT VASODIALATOR THAT IS AN ARTERAIL AND VENOUS VASODIALATORS
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SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE
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WHAT DOES SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE ACT ON AND WHAT DOES IT DO
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THE DRUG BREAKS DOWN TH ETHE BLOOD AND RELEASES NITRIC OXIDE, WHICH CAUSES THE BLOOD VESSELS TO RELAX
CAN BE USED IN THE EMERGENCY TREATMENT OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE (HYOERTENSIVE CRISIS) CAN BE USED OT PRODUCE CONTROLLED HYPORENSION FOR SURGERY CASES |
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WHAT ARE THE 2 ANGIOTENSION ANTAGONISTS
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CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS
ANGIOTESION RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST |
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WHAT IS THE CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITOR ANGIOTENSION ANTAGONIST
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LISINOPRIL
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WHAT DOES LISINOPRIL DO
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LISINOPRIL STOPS THE CONVERSION OF ANGIOTENSION II FROM ANGIOTENSION I. BY DOING THIS THE VESSELS ARE EITHER RELAXED OR NOT CONSTRICTEDIN THE FIRST PLACE, EFFETCIVLY LOWERING BP
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WHAT AR ETHE 2 ANGIOTESION RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST
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LOSARTAN
VASARTIN |
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WHAT DOES LOSARTAN ACT ON AND WHAT DOES IT DO
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BLOCKS THE ANGIOTENSION RECPETOR
LOSARTAN – THE LIVER CONVERS THE INACTIVE CHEMICAL INTO ACTIVE LOSARTAN, WHICH THEN BLOCKS THE ANGIOTENSION RECEPTORS, WHICH RELAXES THE BLOOD VESSELS AND LOWERS BP |
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WHAT DOES VASARTAN ACT ON AND WHAT DOES IT DO
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ABLOCKS THE ANGIOTENSION RECPETOR
VASARTIN- BLOCKS ANGIOTENSION RECEPTORS, CAUSING THE BLOOD VESSELS TO RELAX, LOWERING BP |
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WHAT DO HDL AND LDL STAND FOR
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HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN
LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN |
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WHAT DOES VLDL STAND FOR
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VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN
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where is VLDL made
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liver
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what do lipoproteins do
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enable fats and cholesterol to move within the water-based solution of the bloodstream
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what is the Inhibitor of VLDL secretion
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Niacin
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what does niacin do
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High doses inhibit cholesterol secretion into the blood stream, which will produce less LDL. It is a highly effective antilipid drug. Side effects include possible redness and itching
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what drug is the inhibitor of VLDL secretion and what does it do
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Niacin
High doses inhibit cholesterol secretion into the blood stream, which will produce less LDL. It is a highly effective antilipid drug. Side effects include possible redness and itching |
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name the Bble acid binding resin drug
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Cholestyramine
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what deos Cholestyramine do
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Cholestyramine binds to bile acids in the intestine. This prevents their absorption, and the cholestyramine/bile acid complexes are eliminated in the stool, reducing the levels of cholesterol in the blood. The drug is effective, but difficult to take
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name the Inhibitors of Cholesterol Synthesis (“statins”):
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Atorvastatin
Simvastatin |
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what do the Inhibitors of Cholesterol Synthesis do
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Statins (or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are a class of drugs used to lower cholesterol levels by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which plays a central role in the production of cholesterol in the liver.
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what does Atorvastatin do
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Statins (or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are a class of drugs used to lower cholesterol levels by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which plays a central role in the production of cholesterol in the liver.
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what does Simvastatin do
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Statins (or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are a class of drugs used to lower cholesterol levels by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which plays a central role in the production of cholesterol in the liver.
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Name the Inhibitor of Cholesterol Absorption
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Ezetimibe
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Ezetimibe
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The most commonly used class of drugs for lowering cholesterol levels, the statins, act by preventing the production of cholesterol by the liver. Ezetimibe has a different mechanism of action and lowers blood cholesterol by reducing the absorption of cholesterol from the intestine. It does not affect the absorption of triglycerides or fat-soluble vitamins
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what does the inhibitor of cholesterol absorption do
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Ezetimibe
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