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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the five pillars of Islam?
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Prayer, Fasting, Alms, Pilgrimage, Faith
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What is the shariah?
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Set of islamic laws that originate or are directly stated in the Koran. Cannot be altered
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What is the kanun?
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Set of laws that are not addressed in the Koran. Fills in the gaps for the shariah.
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What is a ghazi?
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warriors for Islam
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What are janissaries?
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Elite soldiers of the sultan's army
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What was the devshirme system?
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The policy of taking children from conquered Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers.
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Who was Osman?
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A ghazi who established the Ottoman empire
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Who was Timur the Lame?
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A rebellious warrior from Samarkand who burned the city of Baghdad and defeated the Ottomans at the Battle of Ankara.
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Who was Mehmet II
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Sultan who conquered Constantinope
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Who was Selim the Grim?
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Sultan who captured Mecca and Medina
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What were Suleyman's four names?
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Suleyman the Just, Suleyman the Lawmaker, Suleyman the Conqueror, Suleyman the Builder
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What areas did the Ottoman Empire conqueror?
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Eastern europe, North Africa, Middle East
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Why was the Ottoman army so powerful?
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-technology (gunpower)
-cannons as offensive weapon -merit based leaders -largest standing army -unified faith |
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What was the millet system?
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A collection of communities that were separate religions. Free to practice their own religions, governed themselves, reported to sultan
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How did the Ottomans treat non-muslims?
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-non muslim tax
-religious freedom (millet system) -opportunities in government -devshirme |
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Why did the Ottoman empire decline?
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-Lost control of trade when navy was defeated
-Killed and imprisoned successors -European expansion -Over expansion -Corruption |
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What modern day countries make up the Ottoman empire?
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Greece, Hungary, Balkans, Algeria, Egypt, Tripoli, Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia
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What is the Din-i Ilahi?
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the universal religion created by Akbar
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What is Fatehpur Sikri?
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capital city of the Mughal empire. abandoned because the water supply ran out.
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Who was Babur?
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founder of Mughal empire
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Who was Akbar?
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Mughal leader known for his religious tolerance and military power
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What was the jizya?
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tax on non-muslims
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Who was Nur Jahan?
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wife of Jahangir who took care of the affairs of the Mughal empire for 11 years
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Who were the sikhs?
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nonviolent religious gropu that blended Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sufism
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Who was Shah Jahan?
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leader of the Mughals who built the Taj Mahal for his wife Mumtaz Muhal
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Who was Aurangzeb?
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leader of Mughals who drained the resources of the empire with heavy taxes and military aggression
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Where was the Mughal empire located?
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India
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What factors contributed to the decline of the Mughal empire?
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-Aurangzeb drained resources
-Loss of loyalty -Independent states -Ineffective rulers |
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Who was Hongwu?
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-first emperor of Ming dynasty
-agricultural reforms -drove the Mongols out of China |
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Who was Yonglo?
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-son of Hongwu
-commissioned the Ming voyages |
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Who was Zheng He?
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admiral of the Ming voyages
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What were the purposes of the Ming voyages?
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-gain more countries in China's tribute system
-show off the wealth and power of China |
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What was the Forbidden city? What does it reveal about Chinese values?
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-palace built for the emperor
-commoners and foreigners were not allowed inside -highlights isolationism and strict social classes |
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Who were the Manchus?
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people from Manchuria who invaded China and took over. became the Qing dynasty
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Who was Kangxi?
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-first emperor of Qing dynasty
-lowered government expenses -offered intellectuals government positions -lowered taxes -scholar and patron of the arts |
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What were reasons for the decline of the Ming dynasty?
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-ineffective rulers
-corrupt officials -high taxes -bad harvests -rebellion and civil strife |
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How was the Qing dynasty able to control China?
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-earned the people's espect by upholding Chinese beliefs and social structure
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What were the daimyo?
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warrior-chieftain lords of the Japanese feudal system
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What was the shogun?
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sole ruler of Japan
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Examine the Japanese feudal system
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(from highest to lowest)
Emperor- held highest rank in society but had no political power Shogun- actual ruler Daimyo- large landowners who were lords of feudal system Samurai- loyal to daimyo and shogun, protected feudal estates Peasants-4/5 of population Artisans- craftspeople Merchants- low status but gradually gained influence |
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Who was Oda Nobunaga?
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-took capital of kyoto
-ruled empire by force -committed seppuka (ritual suicide) |
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Who was Tokugawa Ieyasu?
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-founded Tokugawa Shogunate
-defeated rivals -founded Tokyo |
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How was Ieyasu able to unite Japan?
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"alternate attendance policy"-- daimyos had to spend every other year in the capital. the years they were not in the capital, their families were held hostage
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What was the influence of European traders on Japan?
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-received new goods
-firearms changed samurai fighting and weaponry -daimyo had to build castles |
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What was the influence of Christian missionaries on Japan?
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-converted 300,000 japanese
-Ieyasu banned Christianity and persecued Christians |
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What was the purpose of the closed country policy?
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exclude the missionaries and merchants from Japan
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How did the closed country policy impact the development of China?
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-developed into a self sufficient country
-shogun had monopolies on foreign trade -europeans could not colonize or establish presence |
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What agricultural developments occurred during the Ming dynasty?
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-introduction of champa rice
-crop rotaion -irrigation -population growth |
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Who was Henry of Navarre?
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-first king of the bourbon dynasty in France
-converted to Catholicism -Edict of Nantes |
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What was the Edict of Nantes?
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granted religious freedom to Huguenots in France
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Who was Cardinal Richelieu?
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-forbid Protestant cities from having walls
-weakened nobles power -involved France in 30 years war |
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Who was Cardinal Mazarin?
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-ended 30 years war
-increased taxes -strengthened central government |
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How did Cardinal Richelieu expand the power of the monarch in France?
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-moved against protestants
-weakened noble's power |
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How did Louis XIV cause suffering to the French people?
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-high taxes to finance his wars and extravagances
-constant warfare put France in even more debt |
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Who was Jen Baptiste Colbert?
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Louis XIV's minister of finance who worked to make France self sufficient
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How did Louis XIV control the French nobility?
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Louis made the nobles live at his house, making them totally dependent on him and removing them from their homes
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Who were boyars?
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Russia's landowning nobles
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Who were the Romanovs?
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old boyar family, Anastasia was related to the Romanovs
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Who was Ivan the Terrible?
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-the first czar of Russia
-persecuted the boyars because of paranoia |
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What is westernization?
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An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of the West, especially European or American countries
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What was the Grand Embassy?
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Peter the Great's journey to Western Europe
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What was the Holy Synod?
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A religious group Peter established to run the Russian Orthodox church under his direction
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Why did Russia go to war with Sweden?
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To gain a piece of the Baltic coast so that Peter could have a seaport to the West
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What was St. Petersburg?
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Capital of Russia established by Peter the Great
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What were some reforms introduced by Peter the Great?
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-Potatoes
-First Russian newspaper -Raised women's status -Western clothing -Church under state control (Holy Synod) -Reduced power of great landowners -Created professional army |
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Who were the Hohenzollerns?
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The ruling family of Prussia
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Who was Frederick William?
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-ruler of Prussia
-built huge standing army -weakened representative assemblies -made Junkers officers in his army |
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What were Junkers?
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Prussia's landowning nobility
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How did the Hohenzollerns consolidate their power in Prussia?
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-Created large army for protection
-Permanent taxation -Won approval of nobility by making them officers in the army |
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What was the role of government according to Frederick the Great?
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"The fundamental role of government is the principle of extending their territories."
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Why did Prussia fight in the War of Austrian Succession?
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To gain the Austrian land of Silesia
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What was the result of the Seven Years' War?
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No territorial change in Europe but France lost its colonies in North America.
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How did the Hapburgs become absolute monarchs after the 30 years war?
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-reconquered Bohemia (loyalty!)
-centralized government -created standing army -took Hungary from the Ottomans |
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What was Saxony?
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Austrian ally that Frederick attacked in the Seven Years War
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Who was Charles VI?
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Hapsburg ruler of the Austrian empire
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What challenges did the Hapsburgs face in ruling the Austrian empire?
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-ruling a diverse assortment of people (Czechs, Hungarians, Italians, Germans)
-ensuring that Hapsburgs continued to rule the empire |
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How did Maria Theresa come to power?
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Charles VI, in order to ensure that the Hapsburgs continued to rule the empire, made the other leaders of Europe sign an agreement that made Maria Therea heir.
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What are the accomplishments of Maria Theresa?
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-decreased power of nobility
-cared for the peasants -allied with France in Seven Years War |
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What was the Treat of Aix-la-Chapelle?
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Treaty where Maria Theresa lost Silesia to Prussia
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What was Silesia?
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Austrian land that produced iron ore, textiles, and food products
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What were the causes of the 30 years War?
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-formations of the Protestant Union and the Catholic League
-Ferdinand II closes Protestant churchs in Bohemia -Protestants vs. Catholics in Germany |
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What were the terms of the Peace of Westphalia?
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-weakened Hapsburg states Spain and Austria
-awarded German territory to France -made German princes indepedent of the Holy Roman emperor |
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How did the Peace of Westphalia lay the foundation for modern Europe?
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-ended religious wars in Europe
-new method of negotiation (all participants meet to settle problems of war and decide terms for peace) -abandoned the of a Catholic empire that would rule Europe -recognized Europe as a group of independent states |
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Who was James I?
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-king of England after Elizabeht
-struggled with Parliament over money issues -believe in the absolute power of king -refused to make Puritan reforms |
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What were the main points of the Petition of Rights?
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-no imprisonment of subjects without due cause
-no levy of taxes without Parliament's consent -could not house soldieres in private homes -no imposing martial law during peacetime |
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What were some causes of the English Civil War?
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-Parliament passed laws to limit royal power
-Charles I opposes Parliament |
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Who were the Roundheads?
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Puritan supporters of Parliament
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Who were the Royalists/Cavaliers?
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Supporters of Charles I
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What was the outcome of the English Civil War?
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-Charles was put on trial and executed
-Oliver Cromwell established a commonwealth, but eventually ruled as military dictator |
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Who was Oliver Cromwell?
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Puritan general who led the Roundheads to victory in the English Civil War
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What was the Restoration?
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the period of Charles II's rule over England after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government
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Who was Charles II?
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-king after Cromwell
-restored English monarchy -theater, sports, and dancing -habeas corpus |
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What was habeas corpus?
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Law that said a monarch could not put someone in jail for opposing the ruler and prisoners could not be held indefinitely without trial
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Who were the tories?
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Group who supported Charles II's brother James as heir to the throne
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Who were the whigs?
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Group who opposed Charles II's brother James as heir to the throne
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Who was James II?
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-Catholic king of England
-appointed Catholics to high office |
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What were the causes of the Glorious Revolution?
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Protestants feared that James II would start a line of Catholic kings
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What was the Glorious Revolution?
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the bloodless overthrow of the English king James II and his replacement by William and Mary
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What were the main points of the Bill of Rights?
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-No suspending of Parliamen's laws
-No levying of taxes without a specific grant from Parliament -No interfering with freedom of speech in Parliament -No penalty for a citizen who petitions the king about grievances |
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What is a constitutional monarchy?
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a monarchy in which the ruler's power is limited by law
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How did the Glorious Revolution lead to the establishment of a constitutional monarch in England?
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When William and Mary overthrew James II, they agreed that Parliament would be their partner in governing
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