Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is strabismus?
|
Ocular misalignment=both eyes are not moving in the same direction
|
|
|
What is the term is an eye that deviates toward the nose?
|
Esotropia
|
|
|
What is the term for an eye that deviates outward?
|
Exotropia
|
|
|
What is the term for an eye that deviates upward?
|
Hypertropia
|
|
|
What is the term for an eye that deviates downward?
|
Hypotropia
|
|
|
Strabismus is usually onset at what age?
|
6 mos.
|
|
|
What strabismic ocular deviations during the first few months (2-4 mos.) indicate?
|
Strabismus is common up till age 2-4 mos. and does NOT always indicated a true problem.
|
|
|
What is the most common strabismus in infants?
|
Esotropia
|
|
|
What is pseudoesotropia?
|
Eyes look like they deviate, but they really do not when checked with corneal light reflex and cover-uncover test.
|
|
|
What tests checks where the penlight reflection falls on the cornea?
|
Corneal light reflex
|
|
|
In normal eyes, what does the corneal light reflex show?
|
Light reflects from the same spot on both eyes.
|
|
|
In pseudoesotropia, what does the corneal light reflex show?
|
Light should be reflected on the same spot as well.
|
|
|
What 3 things are used in the diagnosis of pseudoesotropia?
|
1.Wide epicanthus (nose bridge) and skin folds
2.Corneal-light reflex 3.Cover-uncover test |
|
|
If the previously covered eye moves to fixate on the object that the previously uncovered eye was looking at in the cover-uncover test, then what exists?
|
True esotropia
|
|
|
If the previously covered eye does NOT move to fixate on the object that the previously uncovered eye was looking at, then what exists?
|
Pseudoesotropia
|
|
|
Do children outgrow crossed eyes?
|
NO
|
|
|
What physical findings do children with pseudoesotropia show?
|
1.Wide epicanthus
2.Normal corneal light relfex and cover-uncover tests 3.Permanently crossed eyes. |
|
|
When is the onset of infantile esotropia?
|
6 months
|
|
|
-Possible irregular autosomal dominant or recessive
-Often (+) family history -Reduced binocular function in parents of patients with infantile esotropia--suggest a form of fruste -Increase incidence: cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus, mom smoked cigarrettes This is the epidemiology of what type of strabismus? |
Infantile esotropia
|
|
|
-Poor abduction due to tight medial rectus muscles, which dominate over the lateral rectus
-Apparent abduction deficit due to cross fixation -Differentiate from 6th pareses These are the clinical symptoms of what type of strabismus? |
Infantile Esotropia
|
|
|
When does acquired strabismus occur?
|
Anytime after 6 mos.
|
|
|
Convergent deviation of eyes associated with activation of the accomodative reflex refers to what type of strabismus?
|
Acquired Esotropia
|
|
|
What is the most common type of acquired strabismus?
|
Acquired Esotropia
|
|
|
What are the 3 types of acquired strabismus?
|
1.Accomodative Refractive
2.Nonaccomodative: Nonrefractive 3.Mixed (both accomodative and nonaccomodative) |
|
|
-Uncorrected hyperopia
-Accomodative convergence -Insufficient fusional divergence This is the pathogenesis for what type of strabismus? |
Acquired Esotropia
|
|
|
-Primarily glasses: can cause eyes to realign and correct the hyperopia
-Surgery if necessary This treatment is for what type of strabismus? |
Acquired Esotropia
|
|
|
-More common than infantile exotropia
-Onset: 6 mos. to 4 years -Pathogenesis: mechanical and innervational -Treatment: patching, glasses and surgery What type of strabismus? |
Intermittent Exotropia
|
|
|
What is the etiology of neurologic strabismus?
|
Cranial nerve palsies may be congenital or acquired.
|
|
|
Trauma is the most common cause of this type of acquired palsy?
|
3rd nerve palsy
|
|
|
-Frequently congenital (infantile) in children
-Trauma is the most common cause of acquired palsy -Acquired palsy is more ominous than congenital -Affected anatomy: pupil, upper eyelid, and motility of muscles: medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior oblique=only thing not affected is outward deviation b/c that's innervated by CN VI. -What nerve palsy is involved? |
3rd nerve palsy
|
|
|
-Usually secondary to closed head trauma, but can be congenital as well
-Torticollis if unilateral -Facial asymmetry with head tilt -New onset may represent decompensation of congential palsy -Treatment: -->monitor-may resolve in 6-12 mos. if traumatic -->Prism glasses -->Surgery What type of palsy is involved? |
Fourth nerve palsy
|
|
|
-Congenital is rare and generally resolves within 6 weeks.
-Trauma is most common cause in healthy children -Affects the lateral rectus, the medial rectus dominantes over the lateral rectus -Bilateral palsy may be due to intracranial abnormality or increase in intracranial pressure -Follows a nonspecific, viral illness -Treatment if NO neurological signs: -->rule out middle ear infection -->blood count (lymphocytosis) -->consider neuroimaging -->follow carefully -Management: -->Monitor--be conservative for 6 mos. -->Botox injection to medial rectus muscle to release the pull of the medial rectus -->Prism glasses -->patching -->Surgery after 6 mos. PALSY OF WHAT NERVE? |
Sixth nerve palsy
|
|
|
-Monocular fixation
-Buchner This type of visual evaluation is done in what type of children? |
Pre-verbal children
|
|
|
What is one of the most common causes of amblyopia?
|
Uncorrected strabismus
|
|
|
What does depth perception depend on?
|
Good binocularity
|
|
|
Visual impairment of one eye from lack of use in an otherwise healthy eye; poor vision is not correctable by glasses....what term describes this?
|
Developmental Amblyopia
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of developmental amblyopia?
|
Strabismus
|
|
|
-Strabismus is the most common cause
-Visual deprivation due to occlusion (eg.cataract, ptosis, hemangioma) -Anisometropia-unequal correction in the eyes This describes the etiology for what? |
Developmental Amblyopia
|
|
|
Treatment:
-Exclude an organic lesion (eg.hemangioma, etc.) as the cause of poor vision. If brain does not receive images, then normal development of the visual system does not ensue. -Appropriate therapy is based on etiology. (Eg. remove cataract if present, etc.) -Patch: occlusion of the preferred eye to force the other eye to function -Glasses: prescribed for anisometropia What does this describe treatment for? |
Developmental Amblyopia
|
|
|
-Weaken or reduce muscle tension (like lengthening a rubber band to loosen)
-What type of surgery does this refer to? |
Recessive surgery
|
|
|
-Strengthen or increase muscle tension (like shortening a rubber band to strengthen)
-What type of surgery does this refer to? |
Resective surgery
|
|
|
What is called "white pupil"?
|
Leukocoria
|
|
|
-Infantile cataract is the most common cause
-Retinoblastoma Both of these can cause what? |
Leukocoria
|
|
|
What is the most common intraocular malignancy in children?
|
Retinoblastoma
|
|
|
-Retinopathy of prematurity
-Inflammation -Persistent fetal vasculature -Coat's Disease -vonHippel's Disease -Norrie's Disease -Infection -Organized intraocular hemorrhage These are all causes of what? |
Leukocoria
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of epiphora and mattering in an infant?
|
Nasolacrimal duct obstruction
|
|
|
Treatment:
-hygiene, massage, and topical antibiotics -probing and irrigation if symptoms persist with conservative treatment -lacrimal intubation-putting in a tube to keep the lacrimal duct open -Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR): a surgery if all else fails This is the treatment for what? |
Nasolacrimal duct obstruction
|
|
|
What are some other causes of chronic epiphora?
|
Infantile glaucoma
|
