Osseous Tissue And Bones

Front 1

What is the function of Skelton system

Back 1

Maintain body shape-
Support Soft tissue
Protect internal organs
Act as lever Arms to permit movement
Store mineral ions
Manufacture Blood Cells

Front 2

What mineral ions are stored in skeletal system?

Back 2

reservoir for calcium, phosphates, magnesium, sodium, potassium, sulfate, carbonate and hydroxide ions

Front 3

Where does the blood cell production occur

Back 3

marrow cavities of certain bones

Front 4

What are the categories of the bones

Back 4

Long
Short
Flat
sesamioid bones
irregular

Front 5

Short/round bone category

Back 5

cubelike, contain mostly spongy bone; outer layer of compact bone; bones of wrist (carpal) and ankle(tarsal)

Front 6

Sesamoid bones

Back 6

are embedded within a tendon - patella

Front 7

Long bones

Back 7

longer than wide; made of a shaft and two ends; primarily made of compact bone, but may have spongy bones ; all the limbs

Front 8

Flat bones

Back 8

are thin flattened and usually a bit curved; sternum and most of the skull bones; the are diploe

Front 9

what is diploe

Back 9

two outer layers of compact bones separated by a spongy middle layer

Front 10

irregular bones

Back 10

include vertebrea and hip bones; have complicated shapes and made mostly of spongy bone enclosed with compact bone

Front 11

What are the growth rings of a compact bone called

Back 11

lamellae

Front 12

what is the structural unit of a compact bone

Back 12

Osteon or Haversian system

Front 13

Where are the osteocytes embedded?

Back 13

in lacunae

Front 14

Compact bones are designed to

Back 14

withstand tension and resist twisting

Front 15

Spongy bones

Back 15

appears with numerous open cavities and loosely organized; Trabeculae are aligned with the lines of stress. No osteons present

Front 16

Which types of bones are diploe

Back 16

Short
Flat
irregular

Front 17

Diaphysis

Back 17

the shaft that makes up the long axis of the bone
thicki collar of compact bone
central medullary cavity (marrow cavity)

Front 18

Epiphysis

Back 18

the ends of the long bone which are made of spongey bone.
surface is covered with articular cartilage

Front 19

Epiphyseal line

Back 19

in adults
remnany of the epiphyseal plate

Front 20

Epiphyseal plate

Back 20

children
a disk of hyaline carilage that grows to lengthen the bone

Front 21

periosteum

Back 21

double-layered membrane surrounding the bone. outer layer is made of dense irregular fibrous connective tissue with an inner layer made of ostegenic layer

Front 22

osteogenic layer

Back 22

contains osteblast and or osteoclasts

Front 23

what are osteoblast

Back 23

bone forming ceslls

Front 24

osteoclast

Back 24

giant multinucleate cells that differentiate into macro-phages
bone reabsorbtion

Front 25

Articular cartilage

Back 25

Hyaline cartilage covering the end of the bones (joint surface)

Front 26

Endosteum

Back 26

membrane covering the internal bone medullary cavity; contain both osteoblast and oseoclasts

Front 27

medullary cavity

Back 27

central cavity of long bones which contains the bone marrow (yellow or red)

Front 28

What is osteon

Back 28

basis of compact bone

Front 29

Central Canal

Back 29

runs the length of the bone; located in the center of the osteon unti; contain blood vessels and nerves

Front 30

Lammellae

Back 30

Cylinder shaped matrix tubes, adjacent layers run in opposite direction for withstanding twisting and other stresses

Front 31

Perforating Canal or Volkmans Canal

Back 31

run at right angles to the central canals connecting the central canals

Front 32

Lacunae

Back 32

Concave cavities in which mature bone cells (osteocytes) reside

Front 33

Canaliculi

Back 33

Hair-like canals connecting the lacunae for passage of nutrients

Front 34

osteoid

Back 34

ogranic components of bone (proteoglycans, glycoproteins and collagen fibers. Contributing to the bone's flexibility, tensile strength (ability to resist twisting)

Front 35

What contributes to the bones hardness and resist compression

Back 35

mineral salts - calcium hydroxapatite

Front 36

What are 4 different types of cells in bones

Back 36

osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclast
stem cells - red marrow and yellow marrow

Front 37

Red Marrow

Back 37

found in spongey bone; mostly flat or irregular bones (skull, rib, hip bones

Front 38

yellow marrow

Back 38

found in medullary cavity of long bones does not produce blood cells can be converted to red marrow; fat

Front 39

Bone Landmark - Line

Back 39

narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than crest

Front 40

Bone Landmark - Crest

Back 40

narrow risge of bone; ususlly prominent; shin bone

Front 41

Bone Landmark - faccet

Back 41

smooth nearly flat articular (joint) surface

Front 42

Bone Landmark - condyle

Back 42

round articular surface

Front 43

Bone Landmark - epicondyle

Back 43

raised area on or above a condyle

Front 44

Bone Landmark - Head

Back 44

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Front 45

Bone Landmark - Spine

Back 45

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Front 46

Bone Landmark - ramus

Back 46

Armlike bar of bone

Front 47

Bone Landmark - Tuberosity

Back 47

Large rounded projection, may be roughened

Front 48

Bone Landmark - tubercle

Back 48

small rounded projection or process

Front 49

Bone Landmark - trochanter

Back 49

very large blunt, irregular shapped process (femur)

Front 50

Bone Landmark - fossa

Back 50

Shallow, basin-like depression, often serving as an articular surface

Front 51

Bone Landmark - grove

Back 51

furrow

Front 52

Bone Landmark - fissue

Back 52

narrow, slit-like opening

Front 53

Bone Landmark - foramen

Back 53

round or oval opening through a bone

Front 54

Bone Landmark - Meatus

Back 54

canal-like passageway

Front 55

Bone Landmark - Sinus cavity

Back 55

within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucus membranes

Front 56

What are 2 types of Osteogensis?

Back 56

Intramembraneous Ossification
Endochondral Ossification

Front 57

What are the 4 steps of Intramebraneous Ossification

Back 57

1)fiberous membrane forms from mesenchyme cells
2)Osteoblast begin to secrete osteoid and then mineralize it
3)formation of woven bones and periosterum
4) formation of compact bone plates and red bone marrow

Front 58

How are most of the bones of the skull and clavicle formed

Back 58

intramebraneous ossification

Front 59

What is osteomalacia and rickets

Back 59

defective mineralization results in soft bones ( lack of vitamin D for reabsortion of calcium

Front 60

Osteporosis

Back 60

loss of bone mass; especially spongy bone; lack of exercies, estrogen, increase brittleness

Front 61

Paget Disease of the bone

Back 61

rapid, disorderly bone remodeling; resulting in weak and deformed bones

Front 62

What are 7 types of fractures

Back 62

1-Simple
2-Compound
3-Spiral
4-Greenskick
5-Compression
7-Depression
8-Impacted

Front 63

Simple Fracture

Back 63

non-displaced, skin not broken

Front 64

Compound Fracture

Back 64

open displaced, skin broken, bone protudes through skin

Front 65

Spiral Fractures

Back 65

fractures around the long axis of shaft

Front 66

Greenstick fracture

Back 66

bone is bent on one side and incomplete fracture on the other side

Front 67

Compression fracture

Back 67

bone is crushed

Front 68

Depressed fracture

Back 68

impact forms a concave cavity (skull fractures)

Front 69

Impacted

Back 69

One bone fragment is driven into the medullary or spongy bone of another bone

Front 70

What are 4 ways fracture can repair

Back 70

1-Hematoma
2-Soft or fibrous Callus
3-Hard or bony Callus
4-Remodeling

Front 71

What is Hematoma

Back 71

fracture breaks blood vessels causing the formation of a blood clot

Front 72

What is soft or fibrous callus

Back 72

fibrocartilage replaces the broken bones

Front 73

What is Hard or bony Callus

Back 73

Fibrocartilage replaces the broken bone

Front 74

What is Bone Remodeling

Back 74

hard callus remains for 3-4 weeks; osteoclast dissolve fragments of broken parts; fibrocartilage (and spongy bone) is converted to compact bone.

Front 75

What is Appositinal Growth

Back 75

process for increasing thickness (diameter) of bones. Osteroblasts beneth periosteum secretes bone matrix on the external surface of the bone. Osteoclasts on the endosteum surface on the diphysis(shaft) remove bone.

Front 76

Longitudinal Growth

Back 76

1-Chondroblast in ephysical disk accelerate cartilage deposit
2-osteoblast in primary and secondary ossification centers continue to convery cartilage to osseous tissue (bones)
3-longitudinal growth continues as long as chondroblast are faster than osteoblasts

Front 77

Remodeling and Wolfe's Rule

Back 77

a bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed on it.
Mechanical stress (muscle pull) and gravity promote skeltal remodeling keeping bones strong where stressors are acting

Front 78

Primary Ossification Center in diaphysis

Back 78

1-Bone Collar-formation of compact bone layer around hylaline cartelage
2-Medullary cartillage is converted to spongy cartillage as blood and lymph vessels invade along with nervers
3-Osseous sponge replace cartilage sponge
4- Medullary cavity forms

Front 79

Secondary Ossification Centers in Epiphyses

Back 79

1-Formation delayed until after birth; epiphyseal surface are covered with articular (hylaline) cartilage; Epiphyseal plates form at the junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis
2- no medullary cavity