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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The hyoid bone is part of the axial or appendicular skeleteon
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axial
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Name and describe the 3 types of cartilage
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• Elastic:
- contains some elastin in its intercellular substance - found in areas, such as the ear, where some flexibilty is important • Hyaline: - most abundant type of cartilage - forms much of the cartilage of the fetal skeleteon - in adults, forms costal cartilage and cartilage of the respiratory tract, articular cartilages, and epiphyseal plates • Fibrocartilage: - found in intervertebral discs, where tendons are connected to bone, and in the symphysis pubis |
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What are the 2 main types of intercellular fibers found in skeletal tissue?
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• collagenous
• elastic |
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What are 4 types of bone cells that participate in the formation and maintence of bone?
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• osteogenic cells
• osteoblasts • osteocytes • osteclasts |
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What are the 2 stages of bone formation?
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• ossification
• calcification |
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What enzyme do osteoblasts secrete?
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• alkaline phosphatase
• bone injury or fracture will show an elevated alk phos |
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What are the 2 types of joints?
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• synarthrosis: immovable joints
• diarthroses: freely movable joints |
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What are the 3 general classes of joints?
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• fibrous
• cartilagenous • synovial |
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What are the different classifications of synovial joints?
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• ball and socket
• condyloid • hinge • pivot • plane • saddle |
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Name and describe the different classifications of contusions
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• Mild: retains near normal and associated joint range of motion, localized tenderness, and no gait alteration
• Moderate: swollen, tender muscle mass; retention of 75% of the affect joint ROM and an antalgic gait • Severe: marked tenderness and swelling, less than 50% joint ROM, and a severe limp |
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What is RICE?
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• R - Rest
• I - Ice • C - Compression • E - Elevation |
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What is myositis ossificans?
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• a frequent complication of muscular contusion and an associated hematoma
• refers to reactive formation of bone within muscle or the ossification of a muscular hematoma |
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Myositis ossificans occurs most commonly in what muscles?
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• quadriceps
• hamstrings • brachialis |
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What are clinical sequelae of rhabdomyolysis?
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• acute renal failure
• DIC • metabolic acidosis • hypovolemia • hyperkalemia |
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What are some pathologic changes in soft tissue and bones that strains can cause?
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• tendon degeneration
• stress fractures • nerve entrapment |
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Why are ice and heat used to treat musculoskeletal injuries?
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• Ice will decrease vascular permeability and reduce swelling (used in the first 24 hours)
• Heat will increase vascular permeability and promote perfusion and healing |
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Which part of the bone will heal faster from fracture, the cancellous (metaphysis) bone or the cortical (diaphyseal) bone?
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• Fractures of metaphyseal or cancellous bone usually heal quite rapidly in contrast to cortical or diaphyseal bone
• Cortical (diaphyseal) bone heals more slowly due to differences in blood supply and bone turnover rate |
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Describe the different classifications of Salter-Harris fractures
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• Type I- through the physis.
• Type II- through the physis and metaphysis. • Type III- through the physis and epiphysis. • Type IV- through the physis, metaphysis and epiphysis. • Type V- crush injury to the physis |
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What is a compound fracture?
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a compound fracture is an open fracture
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What are impacted fractures and where are they commonly seen?
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• low-energy injuries in which two bone fragments are jammed together
• commonly seen in metaphyseal bone (ex. femoral neck, distal radius or tibial plateau fractures) |
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What are the 3 principles of fracture care?
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• reduction of deformity
• maintenance of reduction • rehabilitation of function |
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What are complications of casts and traction?
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• burns
• circulatory impairment • pressure sores • skin irritation • skin breakdown. • Excessive traction can cause nonunion, malunion and peripheral nerve injury |
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What are complications of musculoskeletal injuries?
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• ARDS (fat embolism)
• Atelectasis • Compartment Syndrome • DVT • Ectopic bone formation • Nerve compression • Osteomyelitis |
