Orthopaedics - Disease Of The Spine (Ny!)

Front 1

Mobile segment of the spine:
- consists of two adjacent vertebrae and interspaced disc, ligaments and facet joints
- is located on the top of lordosis and kyphosis
- Is the basic functional unit of the spine
- in stabilization of the spine is necessary to omit mobile segment

Back 1

Mobile segment of the spine:
- consists of two adjacent vertebrae and interspaced disc, ligaments and facet joints+
- Is the basic functional unit of the spine+

Front 2

To the instability of the spine occurs:
- during the ageing process
- mostly after injury
- in degenerative, tumor and inflammatory processes
- in violation of either compression or tension column of spine

Back 2

To the instability of the spine occurs:
- mostly after injury+
- in degenerative, tumor and inflammatory processes+

Front 3

Scoliosis is a disease characterized by:
- impaired development of the vertebral bodies
- occurrence only during adolescence
- deformity of the spine in the frontal plane
- major (primary) and minor (secondary) curves

Back 3

Scoliosis is a disease characterized by:
- deformity of the spine in the frontal plane+
- major (primary) and minor (secondary) curves+

Front 4

The most common types of scoliosis are:
- idiopathic scoliosis
- congenital scoliosis
- secondary scoliosis
- degenerative scoliosis

Back 4

The most common types of scoliosis are:
- idiopathic scoliosis+
- degenerative scoliosis+

Front 5

Into the basic characteristics of scoliosis include:
- oblique pelvis
- unequal shoulder height
- rotation of the head to the side of the primary curve
- significant forward bend - sagittal imbalance

Back 5

Into the basic characteristics of scoliosis include:
- oblique pelvis+
- unequal shoulder height+

Front 6

The main (primary) curve of scoliosis is:
- located in the thoracic spine
- longer than the secondary curve
- appears as the first
- more structural and is heavier than other

Back 6

The main (primary) curve of scoliosis is:
- appears as the first+
- more structural and is heavier than other+

Front 7

Cobb angle:
- expresses the severity of scoliosis curve
- is angle connecting the tops of curves and midline
- is an complementary angle between lines drawn perpendicular to the lines led from the end vertebrae
- expresses the degree of rotation of the vertebral bodies

Back 7

Cobb angle:
- expresses the severity of scoliosis curve+
- is an complementary angle between lines drawn perpendicular to the lines led from the end vertebrae+

Front 8

Risser sign:
- evaluate the rotation of the vertebral bodies
- presents fusion of vertebral ossification nuclei on top of the main curve
- assesses the gradual ossification of the iliac crest apophysis
- expresses the perspective of bone growth

Back 8

Risser sign:
- assesses the gradual ossification of the iliac crest apophysis+
- expresses the perspective of bone growth+

Front 9

Description of the curve is characterized by:
- vertebra on the top of curve
- position of the upper and lower stable vertebrae
- position of the upper and lower end vertebrae
- position of the upper and lower neutral vertebrae

Back 9

Description of the curve is characterized by:
- vertebra on the top of curve+
- position of the upper and lower end vertebrae+

Front 10

Congenital deformity is caused by the disorder:
- of ossification
- of lumbarization
- of segmentation
- of formation

Back 10

Congenital deformity is caused by the disorder:
- of segmentation+
- of formation+

Front 11

Idiopathic scoliosis:
- is divided into infantile, juvenile and adolescent
- occurs more frequently in girls
- always progresses to the end of the growth
- is indicated of conservative treatment with brace

Back 11

Idiopathic scoliosis:
- is divided into infantile, juvenile and adolescent+
- occurs more frequently in girls+

Front 12

Rib prominence - asymmetry of paravertebral zones:
- is measured in patient with his back to doctors in forward bend
- is due enhanced kyphosis of thoracic spine
- as measured in centimeters or degrees
- expresses the current developmental defect of the ribs

Back 12

Rib prominence - asymmetry of paravertebral zones:
- is measured in patient with his back to doctors in forward bend+
- as measured in centimeters or degrees+

Front 13

Surgical treatment of scoliosis:
- is carried out at the end of bone growth
- is indicated for curves over 40 degrees
- consists in spinal fusion in corrected position
- is indicated when the patient does not tolerate wearing a corset

Back 13

Surgical treatment of scoliosis:
- is indicated for curves over 40 degrees+
- consists in spinal fusion in corrected position+

Front 14

Scheuermann's disease (juvenile or adolescent hyperkyphosis of spine):
- occurs more frequently in boys between 12 to 18 years
- is characterized by a wedge-shaped deformity of the vertebrae in the lower thoracic spine
- is always characterized by the presence of Schmorl nodules
- is treated with gradual correction by corset

Back 14

Scheuermann's disease (juvenile or adolescent hyperkyphosis of spine):
- occurs more frequently in boys between 12 to 18 years+
- is characterized by a wedge-shaped deformity of the vertebrae in the lower thoracic spine+

Front 15

Spondylosis (spondylarthritis):
- degenerative nature affecting the intervertebral joints
- degenerative nature affecting the intervertebral discs
- resulting in a narrowing of the spinal canal
- leading to instability of the spine

Back 15

Spondylosis (spondylarthritis):
- degenerative nature affecting the intervertebral joints+
- resulting in a narrowing of the spinal canal+

Front 16

Stenosis of the spinal canal:
- occurs mainly in patients over the age of 60
- commonly found in the cervical and lower lumbar spine
- best diagnosed on functional radiographs
- in particular clinically manifested in the resting position

Back 16

Stenosis of the spinal canal:
- occurs mainly in patients over the age of 60+
- commonly found in the cervical and lower lumbar spine+

Front 17

Herniation of the disc occurs:
- mostly in the area of the thoracolumbar transition
- bulging nucleus pulposus through the annulus fibrosus into the spinal canal
- with the rupture of ligamentum longitudinale posterius
- with sudden movement and lifting heavy object

Back 17

Herniation of the disc occurs:
- bulging nucleus pulposus through the annulus fibrosus into the spinal canal+
- with sudden movement and lifting heavy object+

Front 18

Prolapse of intervertebral disc is best diagnosed by:
- CT
- MRI
- Perimyelo CT
- Sandberg projections

Back 18

Prolapse of intervertebral disc is best diagnosed by:
- MRI+
- Perimyelo CT+

Front 19

Spondylolisthesis:
- occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar spine
- occurs in particular on the basis of the mechanism of accident
- is the shift of the upper vertebrae dorsally to the next lower vertebra
- takes place at the level of the intervertebral disc

Back 19

Spondylolisthesis:
- occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar spine+
- takes place at the level of the intervertebral disc+

Front 20

The shift of vertebra by over 100% on the lateral projection is called:
- spondylolysis
- spondylosis
- spondyloptosis
- spondylolisthesis grade V.

Back 20

The shift of vertebra by over 100% on the lateral projection is called:
- spondyloptosis+
- spondylolisthesis grade V.+

Front 21

Spondylolisthesis is diagnosed by:
- discography
- oblique radiographs in 45 degrees
- CT
- MRI

Back 21

Spondylolisthesis is diagnosed by:
- oblique radiographs in 45 degrees+
- CT+

Front 22

Prolapse of lumbar intervertebral disc:
- commonly manifests intermittent claudication
- manifests with radicular symptom
- can lead to the development of myelopathy
- can also cause cauda equina syndrome

Back 22

Prolapse of lumbar intervertebral disc:
- manifests with radicular symptom+
- can also cause cauda equina syndrome+

Front 23

For morbus Bechterew is typical:
- occurs more frequently in younger and middle-aged women
- is caused by a viral infection
- starting at SI joints and progresses cranially
- X-ray creates an image of bamboo pole

Back 23

For morbus Bechterew is typical:
- starting at SI joints and progresses cranially+
- X-ray creates an image of bamboo pole+