Orr Lecture 7(03-27)

Front 1

the alveolar-capillary barrier is ___(1) microns thick and a RBC is ___(2) microns thick

Back 1

(1) 0.5 microns
(2) 7-8microns

Front 2

what is interstitial space?

Back 2

space between alveolar epithelium and cells that make up wall of capillary

Front 3

what makes up wall of alveolar?

Back 3

alveolar epithelium

Front 4

what is barrier of diffusion?

Back 4

narrow barrier between air and blood

Front 5

contraction of inspiratory muscles(diaphragm, chest wall) does what to thoracic cavity, Interpleural pressure, lung volume, and alveolar pressure?

Back 5

-Thoracic cavity enlarges
-Interpleural pressure decreses
-alveolar pressure decreases
-lung volume increases

Front 6

Before breathing: Barometric pressure (<, =,>) Alveolar pressure

Back 6

Before breathing: Barometric pressure = Alveolar pressure (no airflow)

Front 7

while breathing: Barometric pressure (<, =,>) Alveolar pressure

Back 7

while breathing: Barometric pressure > Alveolar pressure

Front 8

What would have to be done to alveolar pressure to make air enter lungs?

Back 8

make alveolar pressure lower than barometric pressure.

Front 9

What is the volume of air that enters the lung during normal inspiration?

Back 9

approximately 0.5L

Front 10

What is tidal volume?

Back 10

volume of air that enters lung in one breath

Front 11

At what intrapleural pressure would your lungs collapse?

Back 11

0mmHg

Front 12

What does exercise do to Tidal Volume?

Back 12

exercise increases tidal volume

Front 13

What is eupnea?

Back 13

breathing at rest

Front 14

what would tachypnea do to respiratory rate(f) and Tidal volume?

Back 14

Respiratory Rate(f) would increase and Tidal volume would decrease. (ex. animals do this to lose heat or when their excited)

Front 15

dypsnea shows what characteristics?

Back 15

labored, difficult breathing

Front 16

Intrapleural pressure is usually (negative/positive)

Back 16

IP pressure usually negative

Front 17

in reference to muscles of inspiration, which muscles contain smooth muscle, and which ones contain skeletal muscle?

Back 17

Smooth muscle-respiratory airway
skeletal muscle-muscles in chest wall and diaphragm.

Front 18

what is a pneumothorax?

Back 18

collapsed lung

Front 19

if there is a pneumothorax or collapsed lung on the left side of the heart, would it do the same to the right?

Back 19

no the intrapleural space in the left lung will stay at negative pressure and continue to respire.

Front 20

during inspiration, what nerves are stimulated to make diaphragm contract?

Back 20

stimulation of medullar nerves, stimulationg of phrenic nerves, ACh released, making diaphragm contract

Front 21

name cell types and give description of their function

Back 21

here it is

Front 22

label graphs for: Volume, IP pressure, flow, alveolar pressure. (note inspiration for left and expiration for right side of graphs.)

Back 22

here it is

Front 23

What stimulates phrenic nerve?

Back 23

Neurons in medulla in brain

Front 24

At what part of spinal cord are the phrenic nerves originated?

Back 24

C3-C4

Front 25

what are intercostal muscles?

Back 25

muscles connecting ribs

Front 26

what would make external intercostal muscles contract?

Back 26

inspiration

Front 27

what would make internal intercostal muscles contract?

Back 27

expiration

Front 28

When external intercostal muscles contract, what happens to ribs, chest circumference, and volume of chest.

Back 28

ribs are elevated, circumference of chest is increased, volume of chest in increased

Front 29

HARD:
Intercostal innervated by _____(1), originating from ____(2) region.

Back 29

(1)spinal motors neurons
(2)originating from thoracic region

Front 30

What is the function of scalene, an accessory muscle?

Back 30

elevates 1st two ribs.

Front 31

What is the function of sternomastoids?

Back 31

pull out on sternum

Front 32

HARD:
During ____ you would use accessory muscles, such as neck muscles.

Back 32

dypsnea

Front 33

which line has lower compliance

Back 33

lower line or the one shifted right has lower compliance

Front 34

label all red areas with I, or E for inspiration or expiration

Back 34

here it is

Front 35

pulmonary fibrosis is when elastic tissue is replace by fibrous tissue in lungs, making it less distensible. What affect does this have on compliance?

Back 35

lowers compliance

Front 36

Compliance (increases/decreases) with increasing lung volume.

Back 36

decreases

Front 37

During inhalation, Volume of each alveolus (increases/decreases) slightly

Back 37

increases or expands

Front 38

what is surface tension with respect to alveolus?

Back 38

when alveolus expands forces that draw water molecules together creates surface tension. expanding alveoli has to overcome surface tension, influences compliance.

Front 39

What affect does decreasing surfactant have on compliance?

Back 39

decreases compliance as lung becomes more stiff.(related to respiratory distress syndrome of neonates because Type II cells not significantly mature.)

Front 40

what affect does surfactant have on surface tension?

Back 40

reduces surface tension by reducing attraction of adjacent water molecules, increasing compliance

Front 41

HARD:
At end of inspiration, what is the normal change in pressure?

Back 41

3cmH2O

Front 42

What is the equation for Transpulmonary pressure?

Back 42

Pressure of Alveoli - Intrapleural pressure

Front 43

Prior to inspiration, alveolar pressure is 0 and intrapleural pressure is -5. what is the transpulmonary pressure?

Back 43

0-(-5)=5 cmH2O

Front 44

At end of inhalation, alveolar pressure is 0 and Intrapleural Pressure is -8. What is the transpulmonary pressure. If pressure is 5cmH2O prior to inspiration, what is the total change is pressure?

Back 44

(-0-(-8)=8cmH2O) transpulmonary pressure
(-5-(-8)=3cmH20) for change of pressure

Front 45

what is transpulmonary pressure?

Back 45

Pressure exerted in system to expand lung