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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nervous System that refers to brain & spinal cord.
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CNS
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any neural structure outside CNS is referred to as...
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PNS
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afferent fibers send info
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towards CNS
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efferent fibers send info
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away from CNS (motor)
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Name of fibers connecting/innervating skeletal muscle
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Somatic motor fibers (mostly under voluntary control
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These organs are under involuntary control, and are in the _______ nervous system
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Visceral organs, Autonomic
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In this division of the ANS, postganglionic neurons are typically within or near organ
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Parasympathetic division
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Thoraco-Lumbar is which division of ANS?
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Sympathetic
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Cranial Sacral is which division of ANS?
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Parasympathetic
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This part of the brain has significant influence on autonomic nerves. (influences preganglionic)
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Hypothalamus
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Cholinergic receptors are those that bind ____.(naturally occuring).
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Acetylcholine
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Adrenergic receptors are those that bind ______.(naturally occuring)
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norepinephrine and epinephrine.
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In parasympathetic nerves, preganglionic receptors are _____-_____(1) receptors, and postganglionic receptors are _____-_____(2) receptors.
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(1)nicotinic-cholinergic
(2) muscarinic-cholinergic |
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In sympathetic nerves, preganglionic receptors are _____-_____(1) receptors, while postganglionic receptors are _____-_____(2).
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(1)nicotinic-cholinergic
(2)Beta/Alpha-Adrenergic |
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Stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors on the heart (increases/decreases) heart rate and force of contraction.
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Increases
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Stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors on intestinal smooth muscle(increases/decreases) the number and force of contractions.
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Decreases
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Receptors for which the order of agonist potency is epinephrine> norepinephrine>>isoproterenol are known as _____.
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alpha-adrenergic receptors
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Receptors for which the order of agonist potency is isoproterenol >epineprine>>norepinephrine are known as____.
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beta-adrenergic receptors
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Agonists and antagonists of Alpha-adrenergic(most potent first)
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Agonists: Epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol, and phenylephrine.
Antagonists: Phentolamine(mentioned in class), and phenoxybenzamine |
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Agonists and antagonists of beta-adrenergic(most potent first)
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Agonist: Isoproterenol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
Antagonist: Propanolol |
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Agonist and antagonist for nicotinic-cholinergic
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agonist: ACh, nicotine
Antagonist: curare(skeletal) |
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Agonist and antagonist for muscarinic-cholinergic.
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agonist: ACh, muscarine
Antagonist: Atropine |
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What is ischemia?
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Reduction in blood flow. Restriction in blood supply.
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What is hypoxia?
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Reduction in Oxygen.
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What is hypercapnia?
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Increased CO2, too much carbon dioxide in the blood.
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a-heart
b-pulmonary c-systemic d-capillaries e-arteries f-veins |
label these percentages of blood volume to correspondings sections of circulatory system. (graph from class)
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Anaerobic respiration creates lactic acid, increasing proton concentration in muscles, a condition known as....
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Acidosis
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Give cycle of blood flow through systemic and pulmonary. include oxygen and Carbon dioxide Xfer and relative concentration
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Pulmonary: RA>RV>PA>pulmonary cap. (increase O2)>PV>>>>>>
Systemic: LA>LV>Aorta>Systemic cap.(decrease O2, Increase CO2)>Vena Cava(deoxygenated)>RA |
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Function of valves
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Prevent backflow of blood
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How thick are capillaries
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one cell thick
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In which blood flow system is velocity lowest but has the greatest surface area?
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Capillaries
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What is a hemorrhage?
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Loss of blood volume
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List components of blood plasma(12 mentioned in class), and major component.
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Major component is H2O. Amino acids, glucose and carbs, lipids, O2, CO2, N2,Plasma Proteins(globulins, albumin, and fibrinogen.
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What % of blood volume is plasma?
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55%
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How viscous is plasma relative to water?
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More viscous (roughly 1.8 times greater).
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What is the osmolarity of Blood plasma?
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200-300 Osmols/L.
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What is the major formed element in blood
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RBCs
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What is the size of a RBC, what does it contain that binds to O2, and how long does a RBC live?
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7-8 micrometers, hemoglobin, and they live about 120 days.
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The proportion of blood volume that is occupied by RBCs is called the...
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hematocrit
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What creates Erythrocytes or RBCs? (among other cells)
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Bone marrow
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If the hematocrit is decreased, then the ____ is decreased.
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RBC count
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What is anemia?
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Abnormally low hemoglobin concentration.
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What concentration of RBCs is considered normal?
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12-15g Hb/100mL of blood.
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hemoglobin is made in.
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bone marrow
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What can cause anemia?
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Lower iron intake
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What is polycythemia?
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icreased RBCs, which means increased hematocrit, leading to increased O2 capacity. ( this can occur at high altitudes, or blood doping)
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how thick (in microns) is the alveolus-capillary barrier?
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0.5 microns
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