Orr-03-06 Lect. 3

Front 1

For ______ muscle, phase 4 is flat before rapid depolarization caused by stimulation from another section of the heart.

Back 1

Ventricular

Front 2

Phase 4 in the ____ node has a positive slope.

Back 2

SA

Front 3

Does ventricular muscle depolarize spontaneously?

Back 3

No

Front 4

all the events that include one heart beat is known as

Back 4

The Cardiac cycle

Front 5

What is the vagus?

Back 5

Parasympathetic nerve that innervates the Heart.

Front 6

What does the vagus do to heart rate?

Back 6

Lowers HR, part of parasympathetic system.

Front 7

Give two examples of natural CATECHOLAMINES and explain their effect on the heart.

Back 7

Epinephrine and norepinephrine, increases stage 4, thus increase HR.

Front 8

A drug w/ positive chronotropic activity (increases/decreases) Heart rate. Give two examples

Back 8

Increases. Norepinephrine, epinephrine.

Front 9

A drug w/ negative chronotropic activity (increases/decreases) Heart rate. Give two examples

Back 9

decreases. ACh and vagus.

Front 10

What is the function of an Electrocardiogram (EKG)?

Back 10

used for recording electrical activity of the heart, measured w/ recording electrodes @ surface of the body

Front 11

An EKG can give a lot of electrical activity information about the heart. seven things an EKG can measure was mentioned in class...

Back 11

1. origin & conduction of the cardiac impulse.
2. Site of pacemaker.
3. Rate of pacemaker.
4. COnduction pathway.
5. Abnormal arrythmias.
6. Anatomical orientation of the heart.
7. relative size of RV in relation to LV.

Front 12

Which wall is thicker? LV or RV wall.

Back 12

Left ventricle

Front 13

Can RV hypertrophy alter appearance of EKG?

Back 13

yes

Front 14

Does EKG provide mechanical activity of heart? (i.e. amount of blood being pumped from heart)

Back 14

NO

Front 15

What is the difference between interval and segment on EKG?

Back 15

Intervals are time and segments are voltage.

Front 16

Location of electrodes for a Lead I EKG?

Back 16

right shoulder & left shoulder.

Front 17

Location of electrodes for a Lead II EKG?

Back 17

right shoulder & left foot.

Front 18

Location of electrodes for a Lead III EKG?

Back 18

Left shoulder & left foot

Front 19

______ is a type of arrythmia that elevates HR.

Back 19

tachycardia

Front 20

What is Tachycardia?

Back 20

Arrythmia that elevates HR.

Front 21

_____ is a type of arrythmia that has a lower than normal Heart Rate.

Back 21

Bradycardia

Front 22

What is bradycardia?

Back 22

Arrythmia with lower than normal HR.

Front 23

What causes a premature contraction in atria?

Back 23

If contraction occurs outside SA node and depolarizes the atria early.

Front 24

What causes premature contraction in ventricles?

Back 24

if contraction occurs outside the SA node and depolarizes ventricles Early. plus no P wave would precede QRS.

Front 25

When coronary blood flow is inadequate to meet requirements of heart, this is called..

Back 25

myocardial ISCHEMIA

Front 26

Why is there a delay at the AV node before contraction?

Back 26

SO atria is allowed to contract prior to ventricular contraction

Front 27

What is the cause of a lengthened delay between SA and AV node?

Back 27

Conduction block @ AV node. 1st degree heart block.

Front 28

What is first-degree Heart block?

Back 28

Increased PR interval, and if every P wave is followed by a QRS complex, abnormally slow conduction thru AV node is suspected.

Front 29

What is second-degree Heart block?

Back 29

not all P waves are followed by QRS complexes. conduction thru AV node intermittently fail.

Front 30

What is third-degree heart block?

Back 30

no relationship between P wave and QRS complex, occur independently.

Front 31

how would someone deal with uncoordinated or bizarre electrical activities of ventricles?

Back 31

Electrical shock of entire heart coordinates refractory period to reverse fibrillation, inducing normal HR.

Front 32

is it possible to live if filling of ventricle occurs independently of atricular activity?

Back 32

Yes

Front 33

How would someone born with complete heart block compensate for low heart rate?

Back 33

increase stroke volume.

Front 34

When would the tricuspid valve be open in respect to gradient pressure?

Back 34

When Pressure in RA is greater than Pressure In RV.

Front 35

When would the tricuspid valve be closed in respect to gradient pressure?

Back 35

When Pressure in RV is greater than Pressure In RA.

Front 36

Name atrioventricular valves and give location.

Back 36

-Tricuspid is between RA and RV. -Bicuspid or mitral valve is between LA and LV.

Front 37

Where is mitral valve located?

Back 37

Between LA and LV, bicuspid.

Front 38

what is systole?

Back 38

contraction of heart.

Front 39

what is diastole?

Back 39

relaxation of heart.

Front 40

When would blood volume be fixed?

Back 40

When both valves are closed.

Front 41

what is isovolumetric contraction and when would it occur?

Back 41

beginning of systole, volume fixed but heart contracting.

Front 42

What is the purpose of an antagonist of Vitamin K like Coumadin?

Back 42

Vitamin K is necessary for clotting factors so coumadin is an anticoagulant.

Front 43

Name the two semilunar valves and give location.

Back 43

-aortic valve-between Aorta and LV.
-pulmonary valve-between RV and pulmonary artery.

Front 44

Ventricular _____ is isovolumetric contraction. Where is this on EKG? which Heart sound is it?

Back 44

Ventricular systole, QRS complex, Sound 1 or "lub". Both aortic and mitral valve closed.

Front 45

Ventricular _____ is isovolumetric relaxation. which Heart sound is it?

Back 45

diastole, sound 2 or "dub"

Front 46

Label P, QRS, and T wave. Also Give information on the events occuring at each interval and segment:
-QRS complex
-P wave
-T wave
-PR interval(location and duration)
-ST interval(location on graph and duration)
-ST segment(location on graph and voltage)
-

Back 46

-QRS complex=ventricular depolarization.
-P wave=atrial depolarization
-T wave=Ventricular repolarization
-PR interval=start of P wave to beginning of QRS complex;0.16seconds on normal EKG.
-ST interval=end of QRS to beginning of T wave;0.12 secongs.
ST segment=end of QRS to beginning of T wave; baseline.

Front 47

label Permeabilities of Na, Ca, and K

Back 47

Permeabilities

Front 48

label colored lines as intervals

Back 48

labeled

Front 49

This is a graph of rate of pacemaker.
label the dotted lines, one is effected by ACh while the other is influenced by catecholamines, also which autonomic division is responsible for catecholamines and ACh.

Back 49

-Top is catecholamines. Sympathetic
-Bottom is ACh. parasympathetic

Front 50

Which area has shorter action potentials, subepicardium or subendocardium?

Back 50

Subepicardium.

Front 51

at what point is there.
A. Atrial beating?
B. When all ventricles are depolarized?
C. The first deflection?

Back 51

A. P wave
B. ST interval
C. R wave

Front 52

Where are purkinje fibers located?

Back 52

in the endocardium

Front 53

Depolarization begins at the _____(1) and spreads to the _______(2).

Back 53

1. endocardium.
2. epicardium.

Front 54

Repolarization starts at the _____(1), back towards the _____(2).

Back 54

1. epicardium
2. endocardium