Ornamental Pesticide Exam- State Of Maine

Front 1

What is the definition of IPM?

Back 1

The use of all available strategies to manage pests so that an acceptable yield/quality can be reached economically w/ minimal environmental disruption

Front 2

The inevitable result of over simplifying plant problems and relying too heavily on one method of control causes pest injury to plants.

Back 2

True

Front 3

List 5 steps of IPM for landscapes

Back 3

1. Detection of agents for injuring plants

2. Identification

3. Economic significance

4. Selection of methods

5. Evaluation

Front 4

What are 2 benefits from early detection of pest problems?

Back 4

1. Action can be taken before the plant is seriously damaged

2. Low level pest populations can be easily managed

Front 5

Why are degree days more useful for monitoring pest activity than the calendar?

Back 5

Weather varies yr. to yr, degree days measure occurrence of temps necessary for pest development

Front 6

There are thousands of species, insects, fungi, nematodes, and bacteria that are harmless/beneficial to landscape plants.

Back 6

True

Front 7

Name three normal plant functions that are often confused with pest injury

Back 7

1. Evergreen fall leaf drop

2. Yellow leaves of some cultivars

3. Fruiting, production of cones

Front 8

Each plant disorder has its own unique symptoms T/F

Back 8

False

Front 9

List 4 useful tools for investigating plant disorders

Back 9

1. Hand/pole prunners

2. Soil probe

3. Binoculars

4. Hand lens

Front 10

When diagnosing an injured plant, you should concentrate only on the portion showing damage T/F

Back 10

False

Front 11

Name the two kinds of plant injury caused by pests-how do they differ?

Back 11

1. Injury threatening the health

2. Aesthetic quality of the plant

Front 12

Why are monocultures subject to pest problems that wouldn't affect ornamental trees/shrubs?

Back 12

Pests spread easily and could have increased reproduction when hosts are close together

Front 13

List 3 ?'s that can be answered by the evaluation of your IPM program

Back 13

1. Were plants protected from injury?

2. Excessive environmental contamination?

3. Other pest problems created?

Front 14

Why is it important to use short and long term suppression/maintenance tactics in pest management?

Back 14

1. Short term: immediate control to eliviate further pest damage

2. Long term: help create a landscape that can maintain itself below injury threshold levels

Front 15

Healthy vigorous plants better withstand injury by pests T/F

Back 15

True

Front 16

Name 5 ways cultural controls can alter the environment to meet specific plant growing preferences

Back 16

1. improve drainage

2. improve soil fertility

3. create shade

4. increase sun exposure

5. improve H20 penetration

Front 17

Name one sanitation practice that reduces pest inoculum in the landscape

Back 17

Raking/disposing of infected leaves before spores are released

Front 18

Give examples of 2 diseases and insects that can be managed with hand control

Back 18

1. Dutch elm dieases: fire blight

2. Tent caterpillars: web worms

Front 19

The trapping of wildlife is regulated by the MDNR. Which landscape pests are exempt?

Back 19

Mice, rats, moles, voles, chipmunks

Front 20

How do barriers protect ornamental plants?

Back 20

Prevent pests from coming in contact with ornamentals

Front 21

In order for a landscape to benefit from biological control, it should be free of all pests T/F/Why?

Back 21

False, natural enemies require some pests to live on

Front 22

Name 3 beneficial organisms common in Michigan landscapes...

Back 22

1. minute pirate bug

2. ladybird beetle

3. lacewing

Front 23

List 2 ways to encourage beneficial organisms existing in the landscape

Back 23

1. Provide alternative hosts and favorable habitat

2. Limit destruction of beneficials by applying pesticides only when necessary-use systemic, not broad

Front 24

What is the most commonly used microbial insecticide called? What insect larvae is it effective on?

Back 24

Bt. Army, eastern tent caterpillars, gypsy moth, fall webworm, spruce bud worm

Front 25

Four ways to categorize pesticides:

Back 25

1. Type of pest controlled

2. Pesticide chemistry

3. Mode of action

4. Pesticide formulation

Front 26

To use any pesticide inconsistent with its labeling is a violation of federal law T/F

Back 26

True

Front 27

Name 2 benefits to using pesticides in the toxicity categories III and IV (signal word caution)

Back 27

1. Less toxic pesticides have fewer regulations governing their use

2. Less liability associated with their accidents

Front 28

What type of pesticide(s) will limit mites?

Back 28

Miticides and acaricides

Front 29

Since they work on numerous species of pests, there is no disadvantage to broad spectrum pesticides

Back 29

False, broad kill beneficial insects as well as pests

Front 30

Describe the difference between systemic and contact herbicides. Why are systemic herbicides more useful for managing perennial weeds?

Back 30

Systemic travels with the host plant, contact only kills portion that the spray touches. Systemic will kill perennial weeds/roots underground

Front 31

Name 1 advantage of dry/liquid pesticide formulations have over liquid/dry formulations

Back 31

1. Dry: easily transported/stored; unmixed dry aren't as affected by temp. extremes

2. Liquid: more easily measured in the field

Front 32

What is the abbreviation for wettable powders? Emulsifiable concentrates? Granules?

Back 32

WP=wet powder

EC=emulsifiable concentrate or (E)

G=granules

Front 33

If washed thoroughly w/ soap and water, it is OK to use a spray tank previously holding herbicide for an insecticide application T/F?

Back 33

False

Front 34

Name 2 types of sprayers useful for applying pesticides to small ornamental plants

Back 34

1. Compressed air, backpack, small power sprayers

2. Rotary nozzle sprayers for small plants

3. Hydraulic

Front 35

Systemic herbicides can be applied to weeds growing among ornamental plants with what kind of applicator?

Back 35

Wick applicator

Front 36

Smaller spray droplet size provides better coverage but less vertical height T/F

Back 36

True

Front 37

Smaller droplet size produces the least amount of drift T/F

Back 37

False, smaller droplet=more drift

Front 38

Why do you need a relief value on high pressure sprayers?

Back 38

To prevent excessive pressure and regulate pressure going to the spray gun

Front 39

Mist blowers must only be used under what weather conditions?

Back 39

very calm (under 4 mph), lots of drift produced

Front 40

Which application method(s) poses the least risk for environmental contamination?

Back 40

Injection and implantation

Front 41

Name 2 reasons to adjust spray gun orifice when switching from tall trees to foundation plant applications

Back 41

1.Tall tree requires medium orifice for height

2. Better coverage with less solution output can be used w/ small orifice

Front 42

Why should applicators avoid spraying against/into the wind?

Back 42

To avoid spray drift

Front 43

Explain why coating leaf surfaces to the point of runoff with a contact insecticide will not limit lacebugs

Back 43

Lacebugs live on the underside of leaves

Front 44

How should an applicator direct the spray stream when applying insecticides to plants against a fence?

Back 44

Side into plant, down into top of plant against the fence outward

Front 45

Failure to comply with state/federal pesticide use regulations could result in lawsuits, fines, and imprisonment T/F

Back 45

True

Front 46

You may, but are not required to by law, wear the PPE recommended on product labels

Back 46

False

Front 47

In what form are pesticides most hazardous to handle?

Back 47

unmixed/concentrated

Front 48

What is cholinesterase and why should applicators be concerned with their levels?

Back 48

Cholinesterase is an essential chemical in the nervous system, exposure can lower it below a healthy level

Front 49

Name 2 chemical classes of insecticides that inhibit cholinesterase, give 4 examples

Back 49

1. Carbamates: carbaryl, oxamyl

2. Organophosphates: diazinon, dursban, malathion, acephate

Front 50

Why should alcohol never be given/taken by a person exposed to pesticides?

Back 50

It intensifies the effects of pesticide poisoning

Front 51

First aid for dermal pesticide exposure includes removing contaminated clothing and washing with detergent and water T/F

Back 51

True

Front 52

What should be done when the eyes are contaminated?

Back 52

Wash with gentle stream of clean running water for at least 15 minutes

Front 53

Name 4 instances when vomiting should not be induced in the case of oral pesticide exposure

Back 53

1. unconscious

2. pesticide is corrosive

3. pesticide is formulated with petroleum (EC's and solutions)

4. label specifies NOT to induce vomiting

Front 54

Equipment that isn't routinely inspected and maintained is the cause of many accidents with pesticides T/F

Back 54

True

Front 55

List 5 safety guidelines to follow when mixing and loading pesticides

Back 55

1. Don't leave filling tank unattended

2. Don't mix over recommended rate

3. Review label

4. Triple rinse empty containers

5. Wear PPE accordingly

Front 56

Why should applicators check over fences before applying pesticides to adjacent areas?

Back 56

opportunity for drift to occur

Front 57

Where can an applicator find the reentry period of a pesticide? generally, what is the reentry period for pesticide sprays?

Back 57

Check product for reentry period, generally safe to reenter after sprays have dried/settled

Front 58

4 reasons to limit the amount of pesticides you store:

Back 58

1. Liability potential

2. Stored pesticides degrade

3. Can be banned for use

4. Pesticide labels deteriorate

Front 59

What are 3 safety guidelines for the exterior of the pesticide storage area? Interior?

Back 59

1. Secure area with fences/locks

2. Provide good ventilation

3. Highly visible signage

Front 60

What is the best way to dispose of pesticides?

Back 60

Manner consistent with the label

Front 61

What should be done with leftover, unopened pesticides?

Back 61

Returned to manufacturer, or offered to another qualified applicator

Front 62

Should pesticide spill occur, what are the 3 steps to control it?

Back 62

1. Stop the spill

2. Contain

3. Clean

Front 63

Why is it important to maintain clean equipment/gear?

Back 63

Equate professionalism and ability with appearance

Front 64

3 ways professional plant managers can keep up to date with plant disorders and management methods

Back 64

1. Membership in professional organizations

2. Workshops

3. Trade shows

4. journals

Front 65

Why should applicators stay current on the industry requirements of state regulatory agencies?

Back 65

Keep up to date with latest requirements

Front 66

The majority of landscape plant injury is caused by insects T/F

Back 66

False, poor growing conditions

Front 67

Iron chlorosis on Michigan pin oaks is an example of what type of plant disorder?

Back 67

environmental

Front 68

2 examples of cultural plant disorders caused by poorly implemented landscape care practices

Back 68

1. Lawn mower blight

2. Herbicide injury

Front 69

What is the definition of a weed?

Back 69

Any plant growing where it is unwanted.

Front 70

Weeds are often a result, not a cause of, poor landscape plant performance T/F

Back 70

True

Front 71

What is the difference between summer and winter annual weeds?

Back 71

-Summer annual weeds germinate from seed in spring and die in winter

-Winter annual weeds germinate from seed in late summer, overwinter, and produce in spring

Front 72

What is the difference between biennial and perennial weeds?

Back 72

-Biennial weeds complete cycle every 2 years

-Perennial weeds every 3 years

Front 73

Propagule:

Back 73

specialized plant structure at or below soil surface level that produce new chutes

Front 74

Why does possessing propagules make perennials so difficult to manage?

Back 74

Because you can't see them, stolons, bulbs, rhizomes, and tubers are all propagules

Front 75

5 strategies to manage landscape weeds, name methods that can be used for each

Back 75

1. create vigorous ornamentals: plant resistance/proper maintenance

2. prevent seed production: sanitation/cultivation

3. prevent germination: mulching/preemerging herbicides

4. control weeds early: tilage, cultivation

5. control susceptible stages: tillage, cultivation

Front 76

What is the difference between selective and nonselective herbicides? What are their uses?

Back 76

1. Non-selective: kills nearly all vegetation

2. Selective: only effective on specific weeds/landscape uses

Front 77

Which are of a weed life cycle is the most susceptible to cultural and chemical controls?

Back 77

Most controllable @ seedlings

Front 78

How can rain inhibit or enhance herbicidal action?

Back 78

ample rain: soluble solutions leach through soil or run-off site

light rain: carry root absorbed herbicides to leach through soil into roots

Front 79

Define infectious disease, how is it different from non-infectious?

Back 79

Caused/spread by living things or pathogens (fungi, bacteria, etc.)

Non-infectious only caused/spread by non-living agents

Front 80

Name the part of the disease cycle in which inoculum enters the host

Back 80

Infection

Front 81

Describe plant injury and casual agents of:

-leafspots

-chlorosis

-cankers

-blights

-decline

Back 81

1. Leafspots: discolored spot (turns black) caused by fungi, bact., nematodes, air poll.

2. Chlorosis: yellowing of leaf caused by viruses, poor soil drainage/fertility, high pH

3. Cankers: dead sunken areas on twigs, trunks caused by bacteria/fungi

4. Blight: kills young tissues (leaves + twigs) tip die back. caused by fungi and bacteria

5. Decline: thin areas of foliage adj. to healthy branches caused by urban + environ. stresses, pathogens too

Front 82

What is a microclimate? How does it relate to disease development on ornamentals?

Back 82

Small area with growing conditions different than surrounding area. Plants are more favorable to disease development, wet areas, will be more heavily and consistently affected.

Front 83

Honey dew and sooty mold is produced by what kind of feeding insect? Name a group of insects that produces honeydew

Back 83

Piercing-sucking insects feeding produces honeydew, aphids, mealybugs, and some scales

Front 84

Adult caterpillars are:

Back 84

butterflies or moths

Front 85

How do leafminer larvae feed?

Back 85

Eat the plant tissue between leaf surfaces, leaving hollow areas, or mines in the leaf

Front 86

3 examples of protective structures insects construct which protect them from pesticide sprays

Back 86

-tubular cases from foliage

-.....

-.....

Front 87

Describe how plants can be resistant to insect damage?

Back 87

Plants can outgrow, repair, or tolerate insect damage

Front 88

Whenever possible it is best to eradicate insect pests from the landscape T/F

Back 88

False, natural enemies depend on pests to survive

Front 89

Name the most frequently encountered landscape mite pest, What are the plant injury symptoms?

Back 89

2 spotted, or red spider mite. Mite feeding results in speckling foliage, stems, and fruit (plants may seem off color)

Front 90

Describe the method to confirm that mites are infesting a plant

Back 90

Tap plant over white piece of paper, dislodged mites will appear as tiny moving specks

Front 91

Name 2 natural enemies of mites

Back 91

Ladybird beetles, lacewings, or predacious mites

Front 92

How do nematodes feed on plants? What is the resulting injury?

Back 92

Puncture plants w/ needle like stylus, inject digestive juices, then consume plant contents. May spread diseases, leaf feeding nematodes result in black areas between veins, cause wilting and stunting & dieback

Front 93

Because of their distinct appearance, nematodes are easily diagnosed in the field T/F

Back 93

True

Front 94

Galls are produced by species of fungi, insects, mites, and nematodes T/F

Back 94

True

Front 95

Since snails and slugs generally are not active during the day, how can you determine where they have traveled?

Back 95

Look for shiny slime trail on plants

Front 96

Describe how the feeding damage caused by mice can kill a tree or shrub

Back 96

Mice feed on bark of trees. If feeding injury extends 360 degrees around and girdles main stem, plant will die.