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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do eukaryotes have that prokaryotes don't? |
nuclear envelope, multiple linear chromosomes |
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how did the nucleus arise? |
accumulation of vesicles from invagination of the cell wall |
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vesicles |
holes/intends in cell wall. can accumulate to form nuclear envelope. |
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use of endomembrane |
transport proteins, allow larger cells |
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endosymbiosis |
one organism living inside another |
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how do plastids and mitochondria divide? |
fission |
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when do plastids and mitochondria divide? |
before the rest of the cell |
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fission |
how prokaryote cells divide. The circular chromosome has one point of replication, and two daughter cells. |
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what kind of ribosomes do mitochondria and plastids have? |
70S |
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what kind of bacteria do plastids derive from? |
cyanobacteria |
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what kind of bacteria do mitochondria derive from? |
purple bacteria |
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why are the chromosomes of plastids and mitochondria smaller than bacteria? |
most of their proteins are encoded by nuclear genes, transferred from organelle to host. |
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on what ribosomes are mRNAs from nuclear genes translated? |
80S |
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Cilia/flagella |
fine projections of cells for motility |
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Seven pillars of life acronym |
PICERAS |
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seven pillars of life -- P |
program |
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seven pillars of life -- I |
Improvisation |
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seven pillars of life -- C |
compartmentalisation |
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seven pillars of life -- E |
energy |
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seven pillars of life -- R |
regeneration |
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seven pillars of life -- A |
adaptibility |
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seven pillars of life -- S |
seclusion |
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Improvisation |
change its program in response to environment |
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adaptibility |
change its behavior in response to environment |
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taxonomy |
description and name |
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classification |
grouping stuff together |
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phylogeny |
evolutionary relationships |
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binomial naming system |
genus + species |
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Full taxonomy acronym |
Kungfu Pandas Can't Ovulate For God's Sake |
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taxonomy: K |
Kingdom |
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taxonomy: P |
phylum |
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taxonomy: C |
Class |
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taxonomy: O |
Order |
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taxonomy: F |
Family |
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taxonomy: G |
Genus |
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taxonomy: S |
species |
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monophyletic |
group including all descendants of a shared ancestor |
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paraphyletic |
group that share common ancestor, but some missed out |
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In what way are crystals not lifelike |
no energy system |
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When was the earth formed? |
4.5 billion YA |
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When did life start? |
3.5 billion YA |
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How does palaeontology provide evidence for evolution? |
record of evolutionary progress |
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How does comparative anatomy provide evidence for evolution? |
Show relatedness, specialisation of common structures. |
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How does embryology provide evidence for evolution? |
Embryos of higher animals are very similar, suggesting common origin. |
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How does comparative biochemistry provide evidence for evolution? |
Highly similar molecular chemistry in living things, core similarities in varied metabolic pathways. |
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How does DNA analysis provide evidence for evolution? |
Shows all genetic similarities and differences. |
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Evidence for evolution: PACED |
Palaeontology, comparative Anatomy, comparative bioChemistry, Embryology, DNA |
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synapomorphies |
shared characteristics of a monophyletic group |
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What atmospheric processes resulted in primordial soup? |
CO2 + NH3 + UV light |
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What is important about the lack of O2 in the early atmosphere? |
Without it, atmosphere is reducing. |
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What types of molecules were in the primordial soup? |
sugars, protein materials |
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What did Miller and Urey do to primordial soup? |
heated, sparks |
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What modern day environment replicates earth 3-4 BYA? |
Deep sea thermal vents |
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How did early RNA replicate? |
Using silica clay as a template |
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What was produced by Miller and Urey's primordial soup experiement? |
Amino acids |
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How did Fox initially extend Miller and Urey's experiment? |
Heat to 180 degrees for 3 hours. |
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what was the result of Fox's initial experiment? |
amino acids polymerised to protenoids |
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How did Fox further extend his experiment? |
Cool concentrated protenoids |
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What was the result of Fox's extended experiment? |
microspheres |
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What are microspheres? |
ball of lipids |
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What is life-like about microspheres? |
They absorb molecules from their environment to grow and divide. |
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What makes microspheres spherical? |
hydrophobic forces (so tails all point in) |
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How big are microspheres? |
1-100x10^-9 m |
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What kind of chlorophyll does cyanobacteria have? |
Chlorophyll A |
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What accessory pigments are found in cyanobacteria? |
phycocyanin, phycoerythrin |
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largest types of protists |
macroalgae |
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types of macroalgae |
red, green, brows |
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Rhodophyta |
red algae |
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Chlorophyta |
green algae |
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phaeophyta |
brown algae |
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which algae is not from the green lineage? |
pheophyta |
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what makes rhodophyta red? |
cycoerythrin dominates cycocyanin |
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red pigment |
cycoerythrin |
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blue pigment pigment |
cycoerythrin |
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commercial use of rhodophyta |
agar, thickening agent |
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Changing pigment of rhodophyta |
more light -> more cycocyanin, less light -> more cycoerythrin |
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commercial uses of chlorophyta |
biofuels, solar energy |
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protists closely related to land plants |
chlorophyta |
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what chlorophylls do chlorophyta have? |
A & B |
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Kelp is farmed for |
cheap emulsifier substitutes |
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Which protists have ornate cell walls made of glass? |
diatoms |
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diatom movement |
adhere to surface and glide over it |
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What's annoying about diatoms? |
Biofoulers. They stick to boats. |
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coccolithophoride nutrition |
mixotroph |
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what chlorophylls are found in the brown lineage? |
A & C |
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pigment in the brown lineage comes from... |
fucoxanthin |
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which protists are in chalk deposits? |
coccolithophorides |
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what are coccoliths? |
ornate scales |
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what are coccoliths made out of? |
calcium |
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what percentage of the world's carbon is locked up by coccolithophorides? |
10-15% |
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what percentage of the world's oxygen is produced by coccolithophorides? |
20% |
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What are coccolith blooms? |
Pretty blue stuff in the oceans |
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which protists are responsible for red tides? |
dinoflagellates |
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what's pretty about dinoflagellates? |
bioluminescence |
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What are dinoflagellates symbiotic with? |
chorals |
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which protists are responsible for malaria? |
apicomplexans |
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apicomplexan nutrition |
parasites |
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apicomplexan plastid |
reduced |
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how can malaria be targetted, given that it contains plant-like plastid? |
herbicides |
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Avelolates |
cillates, dinoflagelates, apicomplexans |
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protists in the brown lineage |
phaeophyta, coccolithophorids, diatoms, oomycetes |
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protists in the green lineage |
rhodophyta, chlorophyta, glaucophyta |
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which protist is a recent example of primary endosymbiosis? |
paulinella |
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protistan pirates of green algea |
euglenoids, chlorarachniophytes |
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clorarachniophyte charactaristics |
amoeboid |
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protistan priates of red algae |
brown lineage, aveolates |
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ciliates are covered in... |
celia |
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ciliate diet |
bacteria, other ciliates |
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ciliate nuculi |
two types: micronucleus and macronucleus |
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choanoflagellate name meaning |
coller flagellates |
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closest protist relative to sponges |
choanoflagellates |
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choanoflagellate diet |
consumers; similar diet to sponges |
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which protists in the brown lineage have a fungus-like diet? |
oomycetes |
