Origin And Importance Of Genetics

Front 1

The genetic study of normal and abnormal chromosomes ; done through visualization of the chromosome to count the number and determine the structure.

Back 1

Cytogenetics

Front 2

Biogenetic Levels

Back 2

Level 1 – Cell (Nucleus)

Level 2 – Chromosome

Level 3 – Nucleic Acid (DNA)

Level 4 – Gene (DNA Segment)

Front 3

It is composed of the DNA helix wound around histone proteins.

Back 3

Chromatin

Front 4

What is the total number of the chromosomes in the human body?

Back 4

46 Chromosomes, 23 pairs

Front 5

Located in the cell nucleus ; "packages" that contain the DNA

Back 5

Chromosomes

Front 6

Chromosomes are composed of what?

Back 6

- DNA

- Histone Proteins

- Non-histone Proteins

- RNA

- Polysaccharides

Front 7

It is a spool-like proteins where DNA is tightly wrapped/coiled around.

Back 7

Histones

Front 8

Basic repeating sub-unit of chromatin packaged inside the cell's nucleus.

Back 8

Nucleosomes

Front 9

The centromere is present in the middle of the chromosome.

Back 9

Metacentric Chromosomes

Front 10

It is not observed in humans. They have centromeres present at the end of the chromosome.

Back 10

Telocentric Chromosomes

Front 11

The centromere is present near the end of chromosomes.

Back 11

Acrocentric Chromosomes

Front 12

The centromere is present near the middle and divides the chromosome into two unequal arms.

Back 12

Submetacentric Chromosomes

Front 13

Chromosomes that do not have a centromere.

Back 13

Acentric

Front 14

This type of chromosome has only one centromere with narrow constriction. This is commonly found in highly repetitive DNA.

Back 14

Monocentric

Front 15

It is an abnormal chromosome and is formed by the union of two chromosome fragments.

Back 15

Dicentric

Front 16

The entire chromosome acts as a centromere.

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Holocentric

Front 17

Humans doesn't have this centromere.

Back 17

Telocentric

Front 18

TRUE OR FALSE

All routine clinical cytogenetic analyses are done on chromosome preparations that have been treated and stained to produce a banding pattern specific to each chromosome.

Back 18

True

Front 19

Diameter of DNA double helix.

Back 19

2 Nanometer : 2 nm diamater

Front 20

A technique used to produce thin, alternating bands along the length of the entire chromosome that create unique patterns on each homologous set and allows for their identification.

Back 20

G-banding

Front 21

In G-banding, how many cells are scanned and how many at least how many are fully analyzed?

Back 21

15-20 cells are scanned ; 5 cells are fully analyzed

Front 22

Are often used in the G-banding technique.

Back 22

Giemsa or Leishman stain

Front 23

What HBB stands for?

Back 23

Hemoglobin Betagene

Front 24

Where does HBB can be found?

Back 24

11p15.5

On the short arm (p) of chromosome 11 and is found at the band labeled 15.5

Front 25

Mutations in the HBB gene can cause _______________?

Back 25

Sickle Cell Anemia

Front 26

Refers to the regular and repetitive physical and chemical process taking place within the cell.

Back 26

Cell Cycle / Cell Reproduction

Front 27

TRUE OR FALSE

Chromosome analyses allows for the detection of subtle changes in human body's structure.

Back 27

False - Human Body

Right answer - Chromosome's structure

Front 28

Cellular contents, excluding the chromosomes, are duplicated.

Back 28

G1 - Gap 1 Phase

Front 29

Diameter of nucleosomes.

Back 29

10 nm diameter

Front 30

Each of the 46 chromosomes is duplicated by the cell.

Back 30

S - Synthesis Phase

Front 31

The cell "double checks" thr duplicated chromosomes for error, making any needed repairs.

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G2 - Gap 2 Phase

Front 32

Occurs among somatic cells or body cells.

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Mitosis

Front 33

5 Sub stages of Mitosis

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1. Prophase

2. Prometaphase

3. Metaphase

4. Anaphase

5. Telophase

Front 34

Spindle fibers appear, chromosomes condense.

Back 34

Prophase

Front 35

Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes, chromosome condense.

Back 35

Prometaphase

Front 36

Chromosomes align.

Back 36

Metaphase

Front 37

Centromere divides, sister chromatids move to opposite poles.

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Anaphase

Front 38

Nuclear membrane forms, chromosomes decondense, spindle fibers disappear.

Back 38

Telophase

Front 39

Cytoplasm divides, parent cells becomes 2 daughter cells with identical genetic information.

Back 39

Cytokinesis

Front 40

Diameter of supercoil.

Back 40

300 nm diameter

Front 41

Sex cells (gametes), which are haploid cells, undergo a special type of cell division.

To reduce the number of chromosomes in half, so that when fertilization occurs, the number of chromosomes will be reestablished.

Back 41

Meiosis

Front 42

Meiosis Phases

Back 42

1.) Meiosis I

- Prophase 1

- Metaphase 1

- Anaphase 1

- Telophase 1

2.) Meiosis II

- Prophase II

- Metaphase II

- Anaphase II

- Telophase II & Cytokinesis

Front 43

Pairing of homologous chromosomes.

Back 43

Prophase I

Front 44

Process of linking of the replicated homologous chromosomes. The resulting chromosome is termed as tetrad, being composed of two chromatids from each chromosome.

Back 44

Synapsis

Front 45

Chromatids break and may be reattached to a different homologous chromosomes, producing chromosomes with new associations of genes.

Back 45

Crossing-over

Front 46

5 Stages of Meiosis Prophase I

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1. Leptotene – thin thread

2. Zygotene – paired thread

3. Pachytene – thick thread

4. Diplotene – double thread

5. Diakinesis – moving apart

Front 47

Tetrads line up along the equator of the spindle.

Spindle fibers attach to the centromere region of each homologous chromosome pair.

Back 47

Metaphase I

Front 48

Tetrads separate and are drawn to opposite poles by the spindle fibers.

Centromeres remain intact.

Back 48

Anaphase I

Front 49

Similar to telophase of mitosis, except only one set of (replicated) chromosomes in each cell.

Cytokinesis usually occurs simultaneously forming two haploid daughter cells.

Back 49

Telophase I

Front 50

A spindle apparatus forms.

Chromosomes each still composed of two chromatids move toward the opposite plate.

Back 50

Prophase II

Front 51

Diameter of tight helical fiber.

Back 51

30 nm diameter

Front 52

The chromosomes are positioned in the metaphase plate as in mitosis.

The kinetochores of sister chromatids are attached to microtubules extending from opposite poles.

Back 52

Metaphase II

Front 53

The centromeres of each chromosome finally separate, and the sister chromatids come apart.

The sister chromatids of each chromosome now move as two individual chromosomes toward opposite poles.

Back 53

Anaphase II

Front 54

Nuclei form, the chromosomes begin decondensing, and cytokinesis occurs.

The meiotic division of one parent cell produces four daughter cells, each with a haploid set of (unreplicated) chromosomes.

Each of the four daughter cells is genetically distinct from the other daughter cells and from the parent cell.

Back 54

Telophase II and Cytokinesis

Front 55

A test to identify chromosomes

Back 55

Karyotype Test

Front 56

To detect/clearly see the structure of chromosomes.

Back 56

Scanning Electronic Microscope

Front 57

Can be ; influenza, diseases that causes viruses.

Back 57

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Front 58

Affected by cystic fibrosis.

Back 58

Sweat Glands

Front 59

Type of diabetes that needs insulin ; “namamana”

Back 59

Diabetes Type 1

Front 60

Type of diabetes that depends on lifestyle.

Back 60

Diabete Type 2

Front 61

Giemsa Stain -> Malarial Smear

Back 61

Peripheral Blood Smear (PBS)

Front 62

Diameter of metaphase chromosome.

Back 62

700 nm diameter

Front 63

A parasitic infection.

Back 63

Leishmaniasis

Front 64

People with two sets of chromosomes in the body.

Back 64

Mosaicism

Front 65

Under the microscope, chromosomes appear as thin, thread-like structures.

Back 65

Chromosome Morphology

Front 66

They all have a short arm and long arm separated by a primary constriction called the ____________?

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Centromere

Front 67

The short arm is ___?

Back 67

p

Front 68

The long arm is ___?

Back 68

q