Orientation Lecture & G.a.s. Chapter 1: Intro - The Body

Front 1

three names of planes that divide the body into superior and inferior parts

Back 1

transverse, horizontal, axial
p. 6

Front 2

rostral

Back 2

position of structure in reference to nose; e.g. forebrain is rostral to hindbrain
p. 6

Front 3

_____ planes are named in reference to a structure through which they pass, e.g. a horizontal plane through the umbilicus (transumbilical plane)

Back 3

Axial

Front 4

inferior/superior = ___ / ___

Back 4

caudal/cranial

Front 5

bottom of foot

Back 5

plantar surface (sole)

Front 6

top of foot

Back 6

dorsal surface (dorsum)

Front 7

not the palmar surface or palm of the hand but the ___

Back 7

dorsal surface (dorsum)

Front 8

movement of foot at ankle towards median sagittal plane; opposite movement

Back 8

inversion; eversion

Front 9

radiographs = ___; picks up ___ in tissues

Back 9

x-rays; densities

Front 10

PA radiograph v.s. AP

Back 10

the film is anterior, e.g. conventional chest x-ray v.s. the film is posterior

Front 11

Computerized Tomography (CAT or CT scan) using x-rays gives a series of ___ planes

Back 11

axial (horizontal)

Front 12

Better suited than CT for visualizing soft tissue details.

Back 12

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (hydrogen protons H+ of H2O aligned by magnetic field)

Front 13

Which imaging techniques use ionizing energy?

Back 13

CT and x-ray

Front 14

An echocardiogram is an example of what imaging technique?

Back 14

Ultrasonography (sound waves)

Front 15

Use what imaging technique to view blood flow?

Back 15

ultrasonography with doppler

Front 16

Hematoxylin

Back 16

-basic dye, has a positive charge on the colored part of the molecule (Dye+ Cl-)
-binds to phosphate groups of nucleic acids, sulfate groups of glycosaminoglycans and carboxyl groups of proteins (basophilic substances)
-blue

Front 17

Eosin

Back 17

-acidic dye, binds to cationic groups in tissues (Na+ Dye-)
-stain heavily with eosin: cells with lots of membranous organelles or intermediate filaments (eosinophilic or acidophilic substances)
-pink

Front 18

Explain why neurons stain heavily blue

Back 18

due to the abundance of nucleoli and rER which have negative phosphate groups which bind the basic dye hematoxylin (dye+)

Front 19

tendinocytes

Back 19

-fibroblasts of tendons
-quiescent, meaning they are not actively transcribing many genes

Front 20

Why do gastric parietal cells stain pink?

Back 20

They have many mitochondria (producing acidic gastric environment) and membrane

Front 21

Explain why gastric chief cells stain blue.

Back 21

chief cells secrete pepsinogen which is a precursor protein enzyme, thus many rER phosphate groups are present to bind hematoxylin

Front 22

Is collagen acidophilic or basophilic? Why?

Back 22

acidophilic; collagen has charged (positive) amino groups which react with negative acidic dyes, (e.g. eosin, and stain pink)

Front 23

Why does hyaline cartilage stain blue?

Back 23

The sulfonated (negative) proteoglycans react with the basic (positive) dye hematoxylin (blue)

Front 24

Dark regions on an x-ray image correlate to high or low absorption of x-rays (photons)?

Back 24

high
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Front 25

Which agent is extremely useful in examination of the GI tract and why?

Back 25

Barium sulfate suspension; it attenuates (lessens the signal /absorbs ) the x-rays in the GI tract to produce an image with greater contrast; double contrast air/barium study is possible also
p. 7

Front 26

Intra-arterial or intra-venous contrasting agent. Can also be used for what and why?

Back 26

Iodine; intravenous urography because iodine is readily secreted by the urinary system
p. 8

Front 27

Technique used to produce an image of contrast only; used for vessels

Back 27

subtraction angiography
p. 8

Front 28

What type of MRI images show dark fluid and bright fat

Back 28

T1-weighted. T2-weighted show fluid bright and fat as an intermediate signal

Front 29

Which imaging technique uses gamma rays and nuclides (radioisotopes)?

Back 29

nuclear medicine imaging

Front 30

Imaging modalities that do not impart significant risks

Back 30

Ultrasonography and MRI

Front 31

hyaline cartilage

Back 31

most common type of cartilage; moderate amount of collagen fibers in matrix, e.g. articular surfaces

Front 32

elastic cartilage

Back 32

collagen fibers and many elastic fibers, e.g. external ear

Front 33

fibrocartilage

Back 33

many collagen fibers and few cells, e.g. fibrocartilagenous intervertebral disks

Front 34

type of avascular connective tissue

Back 34

cartilage; has NO vessels, lymphatics or nerves

Front 35

Where are the sensory nerve fibers that transmit pain signals of bone?

Back 35

in the periosteum covering of bone

Front 36

Would yellow bone marrow appear dark or light in T1-weighted image? Why?

Back 36

it would appear light; it contains large fat globules (and produces few WBCs)

Front 37

What type of joint has a articular cavity separating the bones of the joint (v.s. being held together by connective tissue)?

Back 37

synovial (v.s. solid joint)

Front 38

What is the largest organ of the body?

Back 38

skin

Front 39

Smooth muscle is NN by what?

Back 39

visceral motor nerves

Front 40

three layers of walls of blood vessels

Back 40

tunica externa (adventitia) - outer connective tissue layer
tunica media - smooth muscle layer; contains elastic fibers in middle and large vessels
tunica intima - endothelial layer

Front 41

chylomicrons

Back 41

fat coated in proteins after being processed by the epithelium of the small intestine

Front 42

lacteals

Back 42

lymph capillaries in the small intestine

Front 43

chyle

Back 43

lymph fluid, unlike most other clear colorless lymph fluid, from the small intestine which is opaque and milky

Front 44

metastasize

Back 44

migrate away from

Front 45

secondary tumor in lymph node

Back 45

develop as cells metastisize from primary tumors into lymph vessels, get lodged in lymph nodes and grow

Front 46

lymph trunks or ducts drain into the venous system where?

Back 46

at sites where the internal jugular and subclavian veins come together to form the brachiocephalic veins

Front 47

Does the gray or white matter of the brain contain cell bodies?

Back 47

gray matter; (also think - white matter, white myelin sheaths of axons)

Front 48

part of somite that gives rise to skeletal muscle and dermis of skin

Back 48

dermatomyotome
p. 35

Front 49

hypaxial muscles - what are they and where do they come from?

Back 49

muscles of the limbs and trunk and associated dermis; they are derived from the dermatomyotome that migrated anteriorly

Front 50

epaxial muscles - what are they and where do they come from?

Back 50

intrinsic muscles of the back and associated dermis; they are derived from dermatomyotome that migrated posteriorly

Front 51

somatic motor neurons which NN the hypaxial and epaxial muscles are derived from what?

Back 51

anterior portions of the neural tube

Front 52

somatic sensory neurons which NN the hypaxial and epaxial muscles are derived from what?

Back 52

derivatives of neural crest cells; these neurons also travel into the posterior aspect of the neural tube to synapse on somatic motor neurons in the anterior neural tube

Front 53

How does a physician localize a lesion to a specific spinal cord segment?

Back 53

Testing by touch autonomous regions, where only one sensory nerve NNs that region

Front 54

Myotome

Back 54

a portion of the skeletal muscle that is innervated by a single spinal cord level, or on one side, a single spinal nerve

Front 55

visceral motor components of the sympathetic system are associated with what spinal segments?

Back 55

T1-L2

Front 56

visceral motor components of the parasympathetic system are associated with what CNs and spinal segments?

Back 56

CNs III, VII, IX, X
S2-S4

Front 57

Ganglion impar

Back 57

the ggl where the sympathetic trunks converge anteriorly, near the coccyx

Front 58

white ramus communicans

Back 58

-pre-ganglionic, myelinated (white) fibers from the anterior rami emerging from T1-L2 that connect to sympathetic ggl or the sympathetic trunk
-in association with spinal nerves T1-L2 only

Front 59

gray ramus communicans

Back 59

-post-ganglionic, non-myelinated (gray) fibers which connect the sypathetic ggl or sympathetic trunk to the anterior ramus
-medial to the white ramus communicans
-associated with all spinal nerves

Front 60

paravertebral sympathetic trunk

Back 60

the ascending and descending fibers and ggl of the sympathetic system; it spans the entire length of the vertebral column

Front 61

superior cervical ganglion

Back 61

highest ganglion in the neck

Front 62

What are the different sympathetic splachnic nerves and what levels of the spinal cord are their pre-ganglionic fibers derived from?

Back 62

greater, lesser, least, lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves; T5-L2

Front 63

Why is the sympathetic NN of the adrenal gland an exception?

Back 63

the pre-ganglionic fibers synapse directly on the adrenal medulla, releasing adrenaline and noradrenaline, just like post-ganglionic fibers

Front 64

pelvic splanchnic nerves, what are they and where do they originate?

Back 64

parasympathetic nerves which originate at S2-S4 anterior rami; ggl are in walls of viscera; the pre-gglic fibers synapse directly on GI system organs

Front 65

visceral sensory fibers that accompany sympathetic fibers mainly detect what?

Back 65

pain

Front 66

visceral sensory fibers that accompany parasympathetic fibers mainly detect what?

Back 66

normal physiological status and reflex activities

Front 67

The enteric nervous system consists of what plexuses within the walls of the GI tract?

Back 67

myenteric and submucosal nerve plexuses

Front 68

peritoneum lines what cavity?

Back 68

abdomen

Front 69

colicky pain

Back 69

pain related to an attack of acute abdominal pain localized in a hollow organ or part (as the small intestine, ureter, or bile duct) and often caused by spasm, obstruction, or twisting

Front 70

pain of appendicitis (early stages) is referred to what dermatome?

Back 70

T10; in its later stages the appendix may contact and irritate a related region, e.g. right iliac fossa, and be the cause of a more focused pain