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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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alkenes undergo ______ reactions with compounds of the form A-B in which the ____ is broken and ______are formed
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addition reactions
the pie bond is broken and two new sigma bonds CA and CB are formed |
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heteroatom?
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atom is not carbon or hydrogen
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what are nucleophiles
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compounds that attack centers bearing positive or partial positive charges
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what happens in a reaction with a nucleophile and an alkyl halide?
what does this lead to what displaces what |
the nucleophile attacks the carbon of the polarized C+ -X- bond of the alkyl halides, which leads to nucleophilic substation reactions.
the nucleophile displaces the halogen of the alkyl halide. |
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what is a heterocyclic compound ?
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is a cyclic compound containing an atom other than carbon in the ring
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what is the general formula for an aldehyde?
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RCHO
the H comes before the O to show that the hydrogen is bonded to the Carbon and not the oxygen to make an alcohol |
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The carbonyl group c=o is a polarized covalent pie bond. carbon is partially positive and oxygen is partially negative. This polarization of the pie bond means that the carbonyl group undergoes what type of reaction? what happens during this reaction?
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addition reactions
a nucleophilic group bond to the carbonyl carbon, and the electrophile usually H bonds to the carbonyl oxygen |
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why are hydrogens on the carbon next to the carbonyl slightly acidic?
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the alpha hydrogen atoms of aldehydes and ketone are somewhat acidic because the partitial positive charge of the carbonyl carbon causes the alpha carbon atom to become partially positively charged. this in turn causes the alpha hydrogen to become partially positive charged.
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carboxylic acids are organic acids, and their derivatives include ____, _____,_____,____, and _____
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acid halides, acid, anhydrides, esters, amides and nitriles
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what does benzoic acid look like
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what does acetic acid look like
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a carboxylic acid derivative is ____
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any compound that can form a carboxylic acid by hydrolysis
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to find out if an amide is primary secondary or tertiary what do you ask
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how many hydrogens have been replaced with carbon
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nitriles are hydrolyzed to _____ before they are converted to carboxylic acids
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amides
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______ are the most acidic of the carboxylic acid/ carboxylic acid derivative compounds classes.
why |
carboxylic acid
because the acids bear the strongly polarized O-H covalent bond |
