Organs Test 2 Muscles

Front 1

what are the properties of white muscle

Back 1

easily fatigued
short duration
high affinity for ATPase
lack myoglobin

Front 2

what are the properties of red muscle

Back 2

more resistant to fatigue
long duration
red b/c of myoglobin and capillary vessels
smaller than white muscle

Front 3

what are the properties of intermediate muscle

Back 3

appear like white muscle but have more resistance to fatigue than white muscle

Front 4

what increases during hypertrophy

Back 4

creatine phosphate, ATP, glycogen, and size of muscle

Front 5

this is a decrease in muscle diameter

Back 5

atrophy

Front 6

what happens if muscle is inactive for more than a month

Back 6

it will undergo disuse atrophy and a 50% decrease in size

Front 7

what occurs if you dont use the muscle

Back 7

the body stops sending nutrients to it and it decreases in size

Front 8

what is denervation atrophy

Back 8

when the nerve supply to a muscle is cut off it results in decrease in muscle size Ach receptors will spread all over the muscle membrane and the muscle will lose its ability to regain muscle activity if not innervated in 3-4 months

Front 9

what happens after 3-4 months of deenervation

Back 9

muscle shortens and is replaced with connective tissue, muscle fibers start dying

Front 10

what are some of the tropic effects of muscle and nerve on each other

Back 10

nerve tells muscle whether it is fast or slow twitch
nerve dies if it doesnt innervate muscle
innervation of embryonic muscle causes the multiple Ach receptors to disappear

Front 11

what is fasciculation

Back 11

twitching of a group of muscle somewhere in the body at a constant rate

Front 12

what cause fasciculation

Back 12

when a motor neuron dies it spills out Ach which causes nearby muscle to twitch

Front 13

what is fibrilation

Back 13

random twitching, each muscle twitches on its own

Front 14

what causes fibrilation

Back 14

when muscle fibers haven't been enervated they become very sensitive to Ach in the vicinity

Front 15

waht does muscle contraction do to blood flow and ischemic pain

Back 15

contraction of muscle squezes out blood from blood vessels resulting in not enough O2
pain is due to accumulation of biproducts (lactic acid) that stimulate the pain receptors

Front 16

what are the effects of aging on muscle

Back 16

muscle fibers become smaller in size due to lose of muscle fibrils
muscle become less elastic due to accumulation of connective tissue
blood flow decreases
decrease in efficiancy of cardiovascular system and endurance
recovery from injury is slow because low number of satelite cells

Front 17

what are the three types of cardiac muscle

Back 17

atrial ventricular
pacemaker
excitatory-conductive

Front 18

what are the contractile muscles of the heart

Back 18

atrial ventricular

Front 19

what do impulses of the heart go through

Back 19

excitatory-conductive tissue

Front 20

what are the properties of excitatory-conductive tissue

Back 20

weak contraction
can conduct electricity to other parts of the heart
can discharge electric impulses rhythmically

Front 21

what allows cardiac muscle to be functionally syncitial

Back 21

interlocated discs

Front 22

what happens when you stimulate one muscle in the cardiac muscle

Back 22

it stimulates all the other muscles as well

Front 23

what are the specialized ridges along the sides of the interlocatted discs

Back 23

gap junctions, tight junctions, desmosomes

Front 24

what is the electrical synapse of the heart

Back 24

interlocated discks

Front 25

what do gap junctions, tight junctions, and desmosomes do

Back 25

cytoplasmic ridges that allow ions to travel from one cell to another therefore allowing transmission of impulses from cell to cell

Front 26

what is the form of electrical transmission in the heart

Back 26

gap/tight juctions and desmosomes

Front 27

what are atrial and ventricular muscle similar to

Back 27

skeletal muscle

Front 28

why is cardiac muscle not independent

Back 28

due to interlocated discs

Front 29

what is the RMP of atrial ventricular muscle

Back 29

-85 to -90

Front 30

what is the RMP of pacemaker

Back 30

-50 to -60

Front 31

what is the RMP of excitatory-conductive tissue

Back 31

-90 to -100

Front 32

what are excitatory-conductive tissue

Back 32

modified muscle cells that behaves like nerve and they hardly contract

Front 33

how does the atrial AP compare to the ventricular AP

Back 33

the atrial AP has a shorter duration and no plateau

Front 34

what is another name for the pacemaker potential

Back 34

SA nodel potential

Front 35

what is involved in the upstroke in the pacemaker potential

Back 35

Ca

Front 36

in the PQRST wave what does
P stand for
QRS stand for
T stand for

Back 36

P - atrial contraction (depolarization)
QRS - ventricular (depolarization)
T - ventricular relaxation

Front 37

what is the difference between the sarcotubular system of cardiac muscle vs skeletal muscle

Back 37

small termianl cisternae
poorly devloped sarcoplasmic reticulum
t-tubules 5x diameter of skeletal
a lot more mitochondria than in skeletal

Front 38

what is unique about the tubular system in cardiac muscle

Back 38

5x diameter of skeletal
contains mucopolysaccharide that has the ability to hold Calcium
Release Ca is pumped back into the tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 39

when an AP is generated in the cardiac muscle where is calcium released

Back 39

from the t-tublues and terminal cisternae

Front 40

where is Ca released in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle in order to cause a contraction

Back 40

sacromere

Front 41

what are the sources of Ca in cardiac muscle

Back 41

t-tubules (major)
mitochondria (minor)

Front 42

what is the role of Ca

Back 42

Ca causes a contraction

Front 43

why can't cardiac muscle be tetanized

Back 43

due to its long refractory periods (300 of 350 msec is absolute)

Front 44

how does cardiac muscle obey the all or nothing rule

Back 44

either all of the cardiac muscles contract or none of them

Front 45

what is the mitochondrial functions relating to Ca

Back 45

mitochondria can release and store Ca

Front 46

what is a safety mechanism for cardiac muscle

Back 46

having long refractory periods which prevent it from being tetanized

Front 47

what does the fiber length-tension relationship (Frank Sterling law) deal with

Back 47

the longer cardiac muscle is stretched the greater the force of contraction until it reaches a certain length in which if stretched you have a decrease in force of contraction

Front 48

when does cardiac muscle stretch

Back 48

when it is filled with blood

Front 49

when does a decrease in cardiac muscle contraction occur

Back 49

congestive heart failure

Front 50

what is the ionotropic effect

Back 50

increase in the force of contraction of the heart

Front 51

what is the chronotropic effect

Back 51

increase in the rate of contraction

Front 52

what is dromotropic effect

Back 52

increase of speed of conduction of the response

Front 53

what increases the ionotropic effect

Back 53

epinephrine/norepinephrin

Front 54

what has a negative ionotropic effect

Back 54

congestive heart failure

Front 55

what has a positive ionotropic effect

Back 55

stretching of the muscle fibers

Front 56

what are the two types of innervation in the heart

Back 56

cholinergic and adrenergic

Front 57

what does cholinergic innervation do

Back 57

innervates the SA node and some of atrium
decreases rate of heart beat
modulates heart rate

Front 58

what does adrenergic innervation do

Back 58

innervates two ventricles

Front 59

what are the two types of smooth muscle

Back 59

unitary (visceral) and multiunit

Front 60

what are properties of unitary

Back 60

functional syncytial
have nexus (gap junctions) connecting each cell
sparse innervation

Front 61

what are properties of multiunit

Back 61

like skeletal muscle
each cell is surrounded by polysacharide membrane
innervated individually and driven by nerve impulse
exist in small parts of the body (iris)

Front 62

what forms can smooth muscle exist in

Back 62

smooth muscle is very small
sheeths (parallel)
spindles (tight or loose)

Front 63

where are spindles found

Back 63

around tubular tissue

Front 64

what are the majority of AP in smooth muscle

Back 64

in unitary (visceral) smooth muscle they are spike

multiunit smooth muscles don't have an AP

Front 65

in what cases does a plateau occur in smooth muscle

Back 65

in unitary (visceral) smooth muscle in the uterus during birth

Front 66

what is the RMP of smooth muscle

Back 66

-50 to -60

Front 67

how do AP in smooth muscle compare to skeletal

Back 67

smooth muscle AP are much longer than skeletal

Front 68

what happens if you stretch smooth muscle

Back 68

it will contract

Front 69

what does stretching do to smooth muscle

Back 69

it changes the permeability of ions

Front 70

waht does smooth muscle not have

Back 70

troponin, instead has an enzyme similar to it
has a rudimentary sarcotubular system
no t-tubules have ridges call careoli instead
no striation meaning no sacromere
no endplates

Front 71

instead of EPP what does smooth muscle have

Back 71

EJP and IJP

Front 72

how does the force of contraction in smooth muscle compare to skeletal

Back 72

the force of contractions is almost equal

Front 73

how is smooth muscle believed to contract

Back 73

sliding filament hypothesis

Front 74

what drives the AP in the heart

Back 74

SA node (pace maker)

Front 75

what is the organization of smooth muscle

Back 75

caveoli are t-tubules of smooth muscle
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum has no terminal cisternae
a lot of cross bridges of myosin

Front 76

what doesn't smooth muscle need t-tubules

Back 76

due to the small size of the smooth muscle meaning it is easy for Ca from outside to cause a contraction

Front 77

where does the Ca for a smooth muscle contraction come from

Back 77

outside of the cell

Front 78

what defines the latent period in smooth muscles

Back 78

the latent period is the time in which calcium channels open until a contraction occurs

Front 79

how does the latent period of smooth muscle compare to skeletal muscle

Back 79

the latent period is 50x longer due to how slow Ca channels open

Front 80

how does smooth muscle contraction compare to skeletal

Back 80

the contraction is longer due to how slow Ca is removed by the pump

Front 81

how does the energy requirements of smooth muscle compare to skeletal/cardiac

Back 81

smooth muscle requires 300x less energy
no troponin instead have calmodulin

Front 82

what is the enzyme that smooth muscle uses in place of troponin

Back 82

calmodulin

Front 83

what is calmodulin and how does it work

Back 83

calmodulin is an enzyme that will bind to calcium forming the calmodulin calcium complex and it will phosphorylate the myosin light chain kinase which in turn primes the thick filaments (cross bridges) to interact with actin

Front 84

why does smooth muscle use calmodulin

Back 84

because it is very similar to troponin

Front 85

why can 50% of smooth muscle contract on their own

Back 85

due to environment around them and agents around them

Front 86

what is the smooth muscle contraction response to local tissue factors

Back 86

smooth muscle typically don't have a nerve supply so their contraction is controled via local tissue factors (lactic acid, high CO2, K, low pH, Ca)

Front 87

how do local tissue factors control the contraction of smooth muscle

Back 87

they do so by their ability to open and close channels or cause relaxation

Front 88

what is the effect of hormones on smooth muscle

Back 88

hormones (epi, nor epi, ACh) can:
change membrane potential
change contractile mechanism sensitivity to Ca
can release Ca from small intracellular stores (mitochondria and SR)

Front 89

what does denervation of smooth muscle do

Back 89

it causes hypersensitivity resulting in ACh receptors all over the muscle, but DENERVATION NEVER CAUSES ATROPHY IN SMOOTH MUSCLE