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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what does the spinal cord come out of
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foramen magnum (cranium)
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what ventricle is connected to a canal on the spinal cord at birth
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4th ventricle
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how many segments does the spinal cord have
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31
8 cervicle 12 thoracic 5 s 5 s 1 cocygeal |
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what is the function of the spinal cord
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a relay station for orders from the brain to periphery and vv
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what are the responses the spinal cord can integrate w/o the brain
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knee jerk
withdraw evacuation |
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what are the two spinal cord enlargments
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cervical (innervates arms)
lumbar (innervates lower body) |
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how many nerves does each spinal cord segment produce
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2
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what are the two depressions that seperate the spinal cord
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anteria median fissure (deep)
posterior median sulcus (narrow) |
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what is the name of the bridge that connects the two butterfly wings of grey matter and what is in between them
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central canal is in the middle and the wings are connected via the grey commisure
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what type of tracts are the ascending tracts
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sensory
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what does fasciculus gracilus and fasciculus cuneatus tracts do
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pick up sensation in joints, skin, tendons, muscle
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what does spinothalamic tract do
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its a connection of the spinal cord to the thalamus
its function is sense temperature, touch, and pressure |
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what does the spinocerebellum tracts do
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they are a connection of the spinal cord to the cerebellum
it has a function in cordination of skeletal muscle movement |
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what kind of tracts are descending tracts
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motor tracts
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what are the two types of tracts in descending tracts
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pyrimidal (corticospinal)
nonpyrimidal (extrapyrimidal) |
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what is the main function of pyrimidal tracts
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involved in movement and coordination of skeletal muscle
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what occurs in flaccid paralysis
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damage to the pyrimidal tracts resulting in muscle atrophy and inability to move
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what occurs in spastic paralysis
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damage to extrapyramidal tracts
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what is the inability to properly move
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paralysis
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what are the 3 main parts of the brain stem
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medulla oblingata
pons midbrain |
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what major division of the brain stem is the spinal cord attached to
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medulla oblongata
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where do pyrimidal tracts decussate
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medulla oblongata
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what are the main centers in the brain stem
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cardiac
vasomoter respiratory cough,sneeze,vommit, deglutition |
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what does the cardiac center do
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control rate of heartbeat
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what does the vasometer center do
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controls contraction and relaxation of blood vessels
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what does the respiratory center do
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control rate and depth of respiration
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what is the myencephalon
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medulla oblongata
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what is the messencephalon
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midbrain
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what connects the brain stem to the diencephalon
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mid brain
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what is in the center of the midbrain
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red nucleus
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what is the Reticular Formation part of
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RAS
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what is a sensory gating mechanism that is critical for filtering out external stimuli to concentrate on important functions
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RAS
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what is the reptilian brain
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Diencephalon
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what are the major subdivision of the diencephalon
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thalamus (2 thalami on top of hypothalamus)
hypothalamus |
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what is the function of the thalamus
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switchboard of the brain where impulses/orders come through 1st before they go to the rest of the brain
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what is a major subdivision of the thalamus and what does it do
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pineal body
function deals with inhibition of sexual maturity it is not a gland, but contains a lot of BV and CT produces melatonin |
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what are the functions of the hypothalamus
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control body temp
control production of hormones control movement of glandular secretions in stomach/intestine regulates basic drives (sex, hunger, thirst) regulation of body weight regulation of H2O and electrolytes regulation of wakefullness and sleepiness (RAS also involved) |
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what do sleeping pills block
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RAS
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what are a group of structures that form a ring around the diencephalon
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limbic cortex/structures
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what part of the brain is attached to the brain stem
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cerebellum
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what is the size of the cerebellum related to
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the amount of skeletal muscle
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what are the functions of the cerebellum
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coordinating, initiating, and smoothing skeletal muscle activity
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what are the cerebellum's hemispheres connected by
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vermis
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what is the outermost part of the cerebellum
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cerebellar cortex
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what happens with people with tumor on the cerebellum
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they walk as if they're drunk
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what major gland is in the hypothalamus
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pituitary
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what are the subdivisions of the PNS
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motor and sensory
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what are the subdivisions of the motor
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somatic and autonomic
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what are the subdivisions of the autonomic system
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sympathetic and parasympathetic
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what are the glial cells in the CNS
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astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependema
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what are the glial cells in the PNS
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satellite and schwann cells
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what are the functions of glial cells
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myelinate nerves
control extracellular environment control blood volume in capillaries removes and store NT provide rapid transport between blood and neurons hold neurons together part of blood brain barrier |
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what do astrocytes do
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control the environment, and store NT
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what do oligodendrocytes do
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form myelin sheeths
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what do microglia cells do
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garbage cells
microphages that clean up debree |
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describe ependema
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like tiles
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what are the three menenges
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dura matter
arachnoid matter pia matter |
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what is the dura matter attached to
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periosteum
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what does the dura form when it dips between the two hemispheres
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falx crebri
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what are the small chambers formed by the dura matter
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dura sinuses
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what punches into the dura sinuses and what does it do
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arachnoid villi
its function is to absorb/drain CSF it is filled w/ a lot of capillaries |
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what is under the duramatter
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arachnoid matter
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what does the arachnoid matter do
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sends finger like processes (arachnoid trabeculai) into the pia matter creating a space (subarachnoid space)
subarachnoid space is usually full of CSF and contains a lot of blood vessels |
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what is the innermost meninge and what is it attached to
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pia matter
attached to brain |
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what menenges can suffer from inflammation/infection
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dura matter and arachnoid matter
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what is the inflammation/infection of the menenges
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menengitis
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what is different between the dura in the spinal cord vs the dura in the brain
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dura in the spinal cord is not attached to a bone instead there is the subdural space (a space that contains connective tissue and fat cells for added protection)
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what menenges extend and cover spinal nerves
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dura and arachnoid matter
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what are the cerebral ventricles
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lateral ventricles (2)
third ventricle fourth ventricle |
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what are the characteristics of the lateral ventricles
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has 3 horns
largest ventricle interconnects with the 3rd ventricle via the interventricular foreman |
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what are the characteristics of the 3rd ventricle
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it connects to the 4th ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct
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what are the characteristics of the 4th ventricle
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has 3 apetures that allow CSF to flow from the ventricles into the subarachnoid space( 2 lateral : luschka and 1 central meninge)
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what is the subarachnoid chamber in the 4th ventricle and what does it do
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cisterna magna and it is bellow the cerebellum and allows CSF to flow all over the brainand keeps the brain a float
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what lines the ventricles
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ciliated epidema
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what allows ventricles to produce CSF
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modified Pial structures that look like grapes
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does pressure effect the ventricles ability to produce CSF`
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no
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what keeps the pressure inside the cranium steady
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CSF mixing with the brains extracellular fluid
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where does external hydrocephalus occur and what happens
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it occurs in the arachnoid villi and is caused due to the villi's inability to drain CSF
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what results in hydrocephalus
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accumulation of water on the brain
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what is external hydrocephalus communcating or non communicating
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communicating
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what is internal hydrocephalus and how does it occur
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this is due to blockage of the lushka and mgendie and results in the brain being pressed on the cranium
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what is internal hydrocephalus communcating or non communicating
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non communicating
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what do the internal carotid arteries form
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circle of willis
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what do the vertebral arteries form
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basal artery
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how many cerebral arteries are there
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6
2 carotid 2 vertebral 1 circle of willis 1 basal arter |
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how many arteries does the spinal cord get
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3 ( 1 anterior and 2 posterior)
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what % of the blood supply does the brain get
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18%
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how do regular capillaries look compared to brain capillaries
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regular capillaries are fenestrated (have holes)
brain capillaries are non-fenestrated (don't have holes) and are surrounded by astrocyte end feet |
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how are the endothelial cells in normal capillaries compared to capillaries in the brain
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endothelial cells in normal capillaries aren't touching
endothelial cells in the brain are close together and have tight junctions |
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what do the tight junctions in the endothelial cells of the brain do
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they don't allow nonlipid soluble molecules to pass
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what is the function of the endothelial cells and astrocytes in the brain capillaries
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endothelial cells mainly provide protection
astrocytes mainly allow exchange of material between blood vessels and neurons |
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where does the blood brain barrier not exist
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P PASS
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how can the BBB break down
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it can temporarily break down due to pressure
it can break down due to infections, irradiation, and tumors |
