Organs Sem 2 Test 4 Reproductive Systems

Front 1

what releases GnRH

Back 1

hypothalamus

Front 2

where does GnRH bind to and what does it do

Back 2

GnRH stimulates the trophoblast or placenta to produce Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG/CG)

Front 3

what is the stimulus for GnRH

Back 3

pulse generator

Front 4

what gives the differentiation of sexes in utero

Back 4

pulse generator by stimulating the babies hypothalamus

Front 5

what are all the gonadotropins

Back 5

LH
FSH
Trophoblast
Chorionic Gonadotropin

Front 6

what gonadotropins are produced only when conception occurs

Back 6

HCG
Trophoblast

Front 7

what kind of receptor are gonadotropin receptors like LH Rc

Back 7

GPCR

Front 8

what binds to the LH Rc

Back 8

LH and hCG can both bind and stimulate the LH Rc

FSH has its own receptor

Front 9

what are the heterodimers of gonadotropins

Back 9

alpha and beta

alpha is the same for FSH/LH/hCG

beta is unique

Front 10

what is the most potent form of estrogen

Back 10

estradiol (17 beta estradiol)

Front 11

what are the forms of estrogen

Back 11

estradiol
estrone
estriol

Front 12

when do women make estriol, estrone

Back 12

after menopause women stop making estradiol and make estrone/estriol which are weak estrogens

Front 13

how are estrogens made

Back 13

aromatase + adrenal androgen = estrogen

Front 14

what does aromatase do

Back 14

converts androgens (like testosterone) to estrogen

Front 15

how does estrogen circulate

Back 15

most estrogen are bound to ALPHA globulin SHBP (sex hormone binding protein)

Front 16

what does estrogen do to women's skin

Back 16

make it softer

Front 17

what does estrogen do to the bone plates and when does this occur

Back 17

at high concentration it closes them
at low concentrations the bones still grow

THIS OCCURS DURING PUBERTY

Front 18

where is the aromatase enzyme found

Back 18

granulosa/theca cells (ovaries), adipose tissue, brain, placenta, blastocyte, and bone

Front 19

what is the primary producer of estrogen and what else can produce estrogen if that primary producer is gone

Back 19

primary producer = ovaries

if ovaries are gone adipose tissue also produces estrogen (causes women to hold fat around hips etc)

Front 20

what kind of receptor is the estrogen receptor

Back 20

nuclear (dimerizes when it binds estrogen)

Front 21

where is the estrogen receptor found

Back 21

pulse generator

Front 22

what are the subtypes of estrogen receptors

Back 22

alpha and beta

they sit in the nucleus empty waiting to bind estrogen

receptor dimerizes when estrogen binds

Front 23

what causes you to see physiologically dpressive activity in the CNS

Back 23

after ovulation the surge of progesterone make some women feel tired and want to take a nap

Front 24

what participates in sercretory changes in the endometrium post ovulation

Back 24

progesterone

Front 25

what stimulates estrogen production

Back 25

FSH

Front 26

what stimulates progesterone production

Back 26

LH

Front 27

the conversion of what will make estrogen

Back 27

progestins and androgens by aromatase

Front 28

what is involved in alveolobular development in the breast

Back 28

progesterone

Front 29

what are the properties of the progestin receptors

Back 29

alpha and beta subtypes
homo and heterodimers bind DNA

Front 30

when is the pulse generator signaling

Back 30

while the baby is in utero, stops right after birth then starts signaling again just before puberty

Front 31

what is the positive feed back loop of estrogen

Back 31

FSH binds to granulosa stimulating it

FSH causes granulosa cell to grow and produce estrogen

estrogen and estrogen receptor upregulate FSH Rc

more FSH binds to granulosa

more granulosa growth and therefore more estrogen

Front 32

what gonadotropin is important pre ovulation

Back 32

FSH

Front 33

what gonadotropin is important post ovulation

Back 33

LH

Front 34

what promotes the growth of the follicle before ovulation and what happens

Back 34

FSH promotes the development of the follicle before ovulation and as the follicle grows there is an increase in estrogens to a peak then falls off and C luteum developes

Front 35

what happens to the follicle after ovulation

Back 35

the follicle converts to Corpus Luteum this is driven by LH

Front 36

what drives the change of the follicle to the corpus luteum

Back 36

LH

Front 37

if conception does not occur what happens to the corpus luteum

Back 37

it decreases in size due to lack of LH to sustain the C. Luteum

Front 38

if conception does occur what happens to the corpus luteum

Back 38

GnRH will act at the trophoblast causing the release of hCG

hCG binds to LH Rc causing the release of LH

increase in LH causes increase in progestins

Front 39

what causes the follicle to rupture

Back 39

LH

Front 40

what does the corpus luteum produce

Back 40

progestins and estrogen

Front 41

how does estrogen provide negative feedback

Back 41

during the early and late follicular phase of menstral cycle estrogen provides negative feedback by suppressing the pulse generator THEREFORE SUPPRESSING OVULATION

Front 42

what sustains the Corpus luteum

Back 42

LH

Front 43

if conception occurs what sustains the corpus luteum

Back 43

hCG

Front 44

what happens at day one of the menstral cycle

Back 44

shed old endometrial layer

Front 45

what stimulates the growth of the endometrium

Back 45

estrogen

Front 46

what does progestins do to the endometrium

Back 46

converts the endometrial layer to a secretory layer

Front 47

what helps maintain the endometrial layer during pregnancy

Back 47

progestins

Front 48

what happens to the endometrial layer when progestins fall off

Back 48

the layer sheds and you bleed

Front 49

if conception occurs what is the purpose of the endometrial layer

Back 49

nutures the early fetus

Front 50

why is there a big surge of estrogen before ovulation

Back 50

to provide positive feedback on the pulse generator to form the big surge LH/FSH causing the follicle to rupture (LH does this)

Front 51

why does estrogen exert negative feed back during the early and late follicular stage

Back 51

so it can make sure the ova does pop out too soon

you want to make enough FSH/LH for the follicle to mature but don't want things to get out of control and the ova busts

Front 52

what does the corpus luteum produce

Back 52

estrogen
progesteron

Front 53

prior to ovulation what promotes FSH receptor expression and therefore estrogen synthesis

Back 53

LH

Front 54

why does progesterone suppress LH

Back 54

because if conception occurs you don't need LH

Front 55

what kind of cells are the follicle

Back 55

granulosa

Front 56

when do granlulosa cells in the follicle begin to grow

Back 56

at puberty

Front 57

what do granulosa cells produce

Back 57

they have aromatase and convert androgens to estrogen

estrogen then upregulates the FSH Rc on the surface of granulosa cells

Front 58

what are the FSH/LH levels before ovulation and at/right before ovulation

Back 58

before ovulation - LH/FSH low due to estrogen

right before/during ovulation - LH/FSH levels are at peak

Front 59

how many follicles do you start with in the beginning of the menstral cycle

Back 59

you start with 6-12 follicles then one follicle becomes the primary follicle and grows the biggest and fastest while the other quit growing

Front 60

what is the phase of menstration before the egg ruptures

Back 60

follicular phase

Front 61

what is the phase of menstration after the egg ruptures

Back 61

luteal phase

Front 62

what occurs in primary amenorrhea

Back 62

failure to START menses

Front 63

what are some of the defects that can occur in primary amenorrhea

Back 63

hypothalmic
ovarian
pituitary
uterine

Front 64

what is the most common defect of primary amenorrhea

Back 64

ovarian defect

-cells in ovaries not responding to LH/FSH and no sex hormones are being made

Front 65

what happens in the hypothalmic defect of primary ammenorrhea

Back 65

not producing GnRH or pulse generator not working

Front 66

what happens in the pituitary defects in primary amenorrhea

Back 66

not producing LH or FSH (NO GONADOTROPINS)

Front 67

what are the properties of estrogen and menses

Back 67

0-12 pulse generator is quite
puberty pulse generator kicks in and have irregular estrogen synthesis

13-40 estrogen peak, more regular cycles

menopause - estrogen falls occ and women make estrone mostly in their adipose tissue

Front 68

what occurs in secondary amenorrhea

Back 68

periods stop after previously being normal (NOT MENOPAUSE)

-girl had normal periods for many years and all of a sudden they stop

Front 69

what is the primary cause of secondary amenorrhea

Back 69

pregnancy

Front 70

what are some causes of secondary amenorrhea

Back 70

pregnancy
hypothalmic-pituitary issue
ovarian defect
athletes amenorrhea

Front 71

in secondary amenorrhea what happens in the hypothalamic-pituitary defect

Back 71

not making gonadotropin

2ND MOST COMMON CAUSE OF secondary amenorrhea

Front 72

in secondary amenorrhea what does the ovarian defect cause

Back 72

not making estrogen

Front 73

in secondary amenorrhea what defect is seen after delivery and what kind of defect is it

Back 73

post partum necrosis (pituitary defect)

LOSE GONADOTROPES AFTER DELIVERY

Front 74

in secondary amenorrhea what does athletes amenorrhea do

Back 74

may be due to stress, diet, leaness

but due to low body fat stop menstrating b/c not enough fat to support pregnancy

Front 75

what are the causes of polycystic ovaries

Back 75

1ST TYPE genetic defect in 21 hydroxylase

2ND TYPE insulin resistance

Front 76

in the 1st type of polycystic ovaries what happens

Back 76

there is a deficiency of 21 hydroxylase which plays a role in estrogen production (as a result no ovulation, LH surge occurs b/c no estrogen to suppress it)

Front 77

in what type of polycystic ovaries would mild hirsuitism occur and why

Back 77

1st type (21 hydroxlase deficiency)

due to high circulation of androgens which aren't being converted to estrogen

Front 78

in the 1st type of polycystic ovaries what effects are seen

Back 78

increased level of circulating androgens (mild hirsutism)

hyperinsulinemia (NOT DIABETES) this is caused by the lack of 21 hydroxylase therefore we accumulate androgens instead of making estrogen

Front 79

how can you treat the high levels of circulating androgens in the 1st type of polycystic ovaries

Back 79

give GnRH continuously

-giving GnRH continuously helps suppress gonadotropins which helps relieve some of the hyperandrogenism

IF GNRH IS GIVEN IN PULSES IT STIMULATES GONADOTROPIN PRODUCTION

Front 80

what is the cause of the 2nd type of polycystic ovaries

Back 80

insulin resistance (due to being overweight)

Front 81

what causes the insulin resistance in the 2nd type of polycystic ovaries

Back 81

obesity which causes insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, increase in androgens and polycystic ovaries

Front 82

when does menopause occurs

Back 82

several years before and one year after last mestraul period this is called PERIMENOPAUSE

Front 83

what are estrogen levels during perimenopause

Back 83

too high or too low
gonadotropins secreted irregularly
heavy bleeding
vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes)

Front 84

what causes hot flashes in menopause

Back 84

vasomotor symptom

hot flashes are due to estrogen levels being irregular

Front 85

what drives the proliferative phase

Back 85

estrogen

Front 86

when does the secretory phase begin and what happens

Back 86

begins after ovulation and involves an increase in progestins

Front 87

why is there a higher body temp during the secretory phase

Back 87

due to progestins

Front 88

WHAT OVARIAN FOLLICLE MAKES androgens

Back 88

Theca cells

Front 89

what ovarian follicle makes estrogen and progesterone

Back 89

granulosa cells

Front 90

how do you treat hirsutism

Back 90

spironolactone (progestin has some anti aldosteron and androgen activities)