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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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can anticoagulants destroy a clot
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no they can not destroy a clot, anticoagulants can prevent coagulation but can't destroy an existing clot
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what removes clots and how
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fibrinolytic system
plasminogen + TPA makes PLASMIN that acts on the fibrin polymer and degrades it into small monomers |
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what does TPA do
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when a blood clot gets old it releases TPA which combines with plasminogen
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what are the coagulation defects
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VIT C or K defficiency
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what happens in a VIT C defficiency
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vit c is responsible for making collagen which is needed to give the platelets a place to stick w/o collagen bleeding will occur
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what is VIT K defficiency
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liver uses VIT K to make Prothrombin and Fibrinogen therefore VIT K promotes coagulation
vit K defficiency may also occur due to abstructive jaundice b/c bile won't be secreted and bile is needed in order for VIT K to be absorbed |
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what is thrombocytopenia
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lack of thrombocytes
people with this will bruise easily chemotherapeutic drugs can cause this due to suppression of the bone marrow |
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what is purpura
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bruise easily people w/ thrombocytopenia also bruise easily
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what is thrombosis
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a stationary clot
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what is embolis
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a mobile clot
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what is arterial embolism
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a mobile clot that is in the artery and depending on where the clot is it can be harmless or dangerous
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what is deep venous thrombosis
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its called deep b/c it happens in veins deep in muscles
it occurs when a person is immobile for a long time. since the person is not moving the blood remains in the lower extremities since its not being circulated back to the heart and this increases the chances of clotting |
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what is pulmonary embolism
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this occurs when a clot becomes an embolis and moves from the veins to the heart to the lungs
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what is needed for blood to be properly circulated
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skeletal movement this is why deep venous thrombosis may occur due to long air plane rides
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what are the extracellular fluids found in the body
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plasma
interstitial fluid |
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where is the majority of the fluid found in the body
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inside the cells
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what is the flow of blood in the body
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pulmonary vein (O2) > left heart > arteries > capillaries > veins > vena cava > right heart > pulmonary artery > capillaries > pulmonary vein
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what do arteries do
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take blood away from the heart
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what do veins do
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take blood towards the heart
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what kind of blood do arteries carry in the systemic circulation
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oxygenated
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what kind of blood do arteries carry in the pulmonary circulation
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deoxygenated
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what kind of blood do veins carry in the pulmonary circulation
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oxygenated
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what kind of blood do veins carry in systemic circulation
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deoxygenated
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what gets the most cardiac output and why
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the kidney due to its role of filtration (this amount of blood is not a metabolic requirement) it makes sure the electrolyte composition is proper
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what are the characteristics of arteries
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purpose is to transport blood and they don't offer any resistance to blood
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what is another name for arteries
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CONDUIT VESSEL
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what do arteries branch into
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arterioles
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what are the characteristics of arterioles
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surrounded by smooth muscle which helps regulate the size of arterioles (relaxed SM = dilation)
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what is another name for arterioles
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RESISTANCE VESSEL
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what controls the diameter of BV
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arterioles
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what do arterioles give rise to
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capillaries
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what is another name for capillaries
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EXCHANGE VESSELS
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what are the characteristics of capillaries
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no smooth muscle around them
made of single layer of endothelial cells (this is good b/c exchange of nutrients and fluids occur at the capillary level) |
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what is another name for veins/venules
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CAPACITANCE VESSELS
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what are the characteristics of veins/venules
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they are called capacitance vessels because they have a large capacity upon which they can hold blood (resevoirs for blood).
they are blood reservoirs and return blood back to heart |
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what decides venous return and how
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veins decide venous return because they are reservoirs of blood
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what is venous return
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the amount of blood sent back to the heart
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where is the majority of the blood at any given time
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in veins/venules
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what is required in order for blood to flow
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a pressure difference
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what is the starting BP in systemic flow
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100mmHg in aorta to 0mmHg in Right Atrium
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what is the starting BP in pulmonary circulation
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20 mmHg in pulmonary artery
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what is blood pressure
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the force exerted by the blood against any unit area of the vessel wall
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what are the factors that influence fluid flow
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pressure difference
resistance |
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what is the equation for flow
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F = delta P / Resistance
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what are the factors effecting resistance
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viscosity, radius, length of BV
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what is the equation for resistance
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R = 8*viscosity*length / pie*radius ^ 4
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what is the relationship with resistance and radius and viscosity
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inverse, the bigger the radius the less the resistance
proportional to viscosity, the higher the viscosity the higher the resistance |
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what is Poiseulle's law of blood flow
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F = delta P * PIE(radius^4) / 8*viscosity*length
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what happens if you double the radius
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the flow increases by a factor of 16
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what happens if you half the radius
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the flow decreases by 16 times
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what is the most important thing that effects flow
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radius, because viscosity and length don't change on a day to day basis
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if flow increases what happens to resistance
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it decreases
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what happens if flow decreases
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increase in resistance
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after a meal what happens to your BV
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the BV to the GI dilutes to get more blood and the BV to the muscles constricts opposite occurs when exercising
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what are the two types of blood flow
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laminar flow
turbulent flow |
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what is laminar flow
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central later is the fastest
outermost layer touching the BV is the slowest due to friction no noise when blood flows this way MOST OF THE BLOOD FLOWS THIS WAY |
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what is another name for laminar air flow
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streamline/silent
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what are the characteristics of turbulent flow
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no patter up which the blood is flowing
associated w/ murmurs normal in certain places of the body (aorta/areas of fibrication) |
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what does reynolds number indicate
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indicates whether the flow is turbulent or laminar
the higher the reynolds number the more chances of turbulance |
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what is the equation to find reynolds number
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velocity * diameter * density/viscosity
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why is reynolds number higher in anemia
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due to the low blood viscosity therefore people w/ anemia will have turbulent flow in places of than the aorta and areas of fibrication
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what occurs in an aneurysm
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the lower part of the aorta has become really big and therefore the diameter has increased and blood flow is turbulent
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what is atherosclorosis
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accumulation of substances in BV when blood hits the rough area there will be turbulent flow
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what is critical closing pressure
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this occurs only in systemic circulation
if BP drops bellow 20mmHg the arteries will colapse |
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what is distensibility
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how elastic the arteries and veins are (how much they expand in response to pressure)
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how does the distensibility of arteries compare with veins
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viens are 8x more distensible
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what is compliance
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total volume of a part of circulation * distensibility
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how does the compliance of veins compare to arteries
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viens hold 3 times more volume and are 24 times more compliant than arteries
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what are compliant vessels
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veins
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what is the equation for vascular compliance
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increase in volume/increase in pressure
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what are metarteriole
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smooth muscle is not continuous
gives rise to capillaries |
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what do precapillary sphincters do
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they are at the ends of metarterioles and when open blood flows from meta arteriole to capillary but when closed blood flows from the metarteriole to the venules
BLOOD FLOW IS NOT CONTINUOUS BUT INTERMITENT |
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what is vasomotion
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intermitent flow of blood in capillaries (pre capillary sphincters open and close intermitently)
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what can diffuse throught capillaries
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O2,CO2 are lipid soluble and can diffuse throughout (O2 diffuses out CO2 in)
H2O/Na/Glucose diffuse through the gaps between the endothelial cells (they all diffuse out) proteins cant diffuse due to gap being too small |
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what direction does hydrostatic pressure move fluid
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away from them (promotes movement)
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what direction does osmotic pressure move fluid
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towards them (sucks fluid)
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how do you want filtration to occurs in BV
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want filtration of fluid from the capillary into the interstituim
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what is the purpose of the lymphatic system
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10% of fluid does not reabsorb in the venous end (100% filtration @ arterial end) and the lymphatic system takes up the fluid via one way valves and returns back to cardiovascular system
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what happens if the lymphatic system is not working
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edema due to fluid remaining in the interstituim
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what is edema
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fluid accumulation in interstituim
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