Organizational Behavior Ch4

Front 1

the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and reacts with others

Back 1

personality

Front 2

enduring characteristics that describes an individual's behavior

Back 2

personality traits

Front 3

a personality test that taps 4 characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types

Back 3

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Front 4

a personality assessment model that taps 5 basic dimensions

Back 4

Big Five Model

Front 5

a personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive

Back 5

extraversion

Front 6

a personality dimension that describes someone who is good natured, cooperative, and trusting

Back 6

agreeableness

Front 7

a personality dimension that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized

Back 7

conscientiousness

Front 8

a personality dimension that characterizes someone as calm, self-confident, secure versus nervous, depressed, and insecure

Back 8

emotional stability

Front 9

a personality dimension that characterizes someone in terms of imagination, sensitivity, and curiosity

Back 9

openness to experience

Front 10

the degree to which an individual likes or dislikes himself, whether the person sees himself as capable and effective, and whether the person feels in control of his environment or powerless over the environment

Back 10

core self-evaluation

Front 11

the degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and belief that ends can justify means

Back 11

Machiavellianism

Front 12

the tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement

Back 12

narcissism

Front 13

a personality trait that measure an individual's ability to adjust his behavior to external, situational factors

Back 13

self-monitoring

Front 14

aggressive involvement in a chronic, incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less time and, if necessary, against the opposing efforts of other things or other people

Back 14

type A personality

Front 15

people who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs

Back 15

proactive personality

Front 16

basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally and socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence

Back 16

values

Front 17

desirable end-states of existence; the goals a person would like to achieve during his lifetime

Back 17

terminal values

Front 18

preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one's terminal values

Back 18

instrumental values

Front 19

a theory that identifies 6 personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover

Back 19

Personality-job fit theory

Front 20

a national culture attribute that describes the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather as members of groups

Back 20

individualism

Front 21

a national culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them

Back 21

collectivism

Front 22

a national culture attribute that describes the extent to which the cultures favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control

Back 22

masculinity

Front 23

a national culture attribute that has little differentiation between male and female roles, where women are treated as the equals of men in all aspects of society

Back 23

femininity

Front 24

a national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them

Back 24

uncertainty avoidance

Front 25

a national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally

Back 25

power distance

Front 26

a national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence

Back 26

long-term orientation

Front 27

a national culture attribute that emphasizes the past and present, respect for tradition, and fulfillment of social obligations

Back 27

short-term orientation

Front 28

a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions to give meaning to their environment

Back 28

perception

Front 29

the 3 factors that influence perception is...?1/3

Back 29

perceiver

Front 30

the 3 factors that influence perception is...?2/3

Back 30

target

Front 31

the 3 factors that influence perception is...?3/3

Back 31

situation

Front 32

suggest that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused

Back 32

attribution theory

Front 33

as attribution theory, our determination of internally or externally caused behavior depends on what 3 factors?1/3

Back 33

distinctiveness

Front 34

as attribution theory, our determination of internally or externally caused behavior depends on what 3 factors?2/3

Back 34

consensus

Front 35

as attribution theory, our determination of internally or externally caused behavior depends on what 3 factors?3/3

Back 35

consistency

Front 36

when we make judgments about the behavior of other people, we have a tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal or personal factors

Back 36

fundamental attribution error

Front 37

we have a tendency to attribute our own success to internal factors while putting the blame for failure on external factors

Back 37

self-serving bias

Front 38

what are our frequently used shortcuts in judging others?1/5

Back 38

selective perception

Front 39

what are our frequently used shortcuts in judging others?2/5

Back 39

halo effect

Front 40

what are our frequently used shortcuts in judging others?3/5

Back 40

contrast effects

Front 41

what are our frequently used shortcuts in judging others?4/5

Back 41

projection

Front 42

what are our frequently used shortcuts in judging others?5/5

Back 42

stereotyping

Front 43

any characteristic that make a person, an object, or an event stand out will increase the probability that we will perceive it

Back 43

selective perception

Front 44

a cognitive bias whereby the perception of one trait is influenced by the perception of another trait of that person or object.

Back 44

halo effect

Front 45

our reaction to a person is influenced by other persons we have recently encountered

Back 45

contrast effects

Front 46

Stereotypes are generalizations, or assumptions, that people make about the characteristics of all members of a group, based on an image about what people in that group are like.

Back 46

stereotyping

Front 47

a discrepancy between some current state of affairs and desired state requires a person to consider alternative courses of action

Back 47

problem

Front 48

the 6 steps in the Rational Decision-Making Model are...?1/6

Back 48

Define the problem

Front 49

the 6 steps in the Rational Decision-Making Model are...?2/6

Back 49

Identify decision criteria

Front 50

the 6 steps in the Rational Decision-Making Model are...?3/6

Back 50

Weight the criteria

Front 51

the 6 steps in the Rational Decision-Making Model are...?4/6

Back 51

Generate alternatives

Front 52

the 6 steps in the Rational Decision-Making Model are...?5/6

Back 52

evaluate alternatives

Front 53

the 6 steps in the Rational Decision-Making Model are...?6/6

Back 53

select the optimal decision

Front 54

the 6 assumptions of the Rational Decision-Making Model are...?1/6

Back 54

problem clarity

Front 55

the 6 assumptions of the Rational Decision-Making Model are...?2/6

Back 55

known options

Front 56

the 6 assumptions of the Rational Decision-Making Model are...?3/6

Back 56

clear preferences

Front 57

the 6 assumptions of the Rational Decision-Making Model are...?4/6

Back 57

constant preferences

Front 58

the 6 assumptions of the Rational Decision-Making Model are...?5/6

Back 58

no time or cost constraints

Front 59

the 6 assumptions of the Rational Decision-Making Model are...?6/6

Back 59

maximum payoff

Front 60

the Three-component model of creativity are...?1/3

Back 60

expertise

Front 61

the Three-component model of creativity are...?2/3

Back 61

creativity skills

Front 62

the Three-component model of creativity are...?3/3

Back 62

motivation

Front 63

in decision making, rationality of individuals is limited by the information they have, the cognitive limitations of their minds, and the finite amount of time they have to make decisions.

Back 63

bounded rationality

Front 64

what are the 8 common biases and errors in decision making?1/8

Back 64

overconfidence bias

Front 65

what are the 8 common biases and errors in decision making?2/8

Back 65

anchoring bias

Front 66

what are the 8 common biases and errors in decision making?3/8

Back 66

confirmation bias

Front 67

what are the 8 common biases and errors in decision making?4/8

Back 67

availability bias

Front 68

what are the 8 common biases and errors in decision making?5/8

Back 68

representative bias

Front 69

what are the 8 common biases and errors in decision making?6/8

Back 69

escalation of commitment

Front 70

what are the 8 common biases and errors in decision making?7/8

Back 70

randomness error

Front 71

what are the 8 common biases and errors in decision making?8/8

Back 71

hindsight bias

Front 72

people tend to rate themselves above average.

Back 72

overconfidence bias

Front 73

describes the common human tendency to rely too heavily on one trait or piece of information when making decisions.

Back 73

anchoring bias

Front 74

a tendency for people to favor information that confirms their preconceptions or hypotheses regardless of whether the information is true.

Back 74

confirmation bias

Front 75

the tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is readily available to them

Back 75

availability bias

Front 76

指我們在預估某個情況發生的可能性時，會傾向拿已有或自己熟悉的前例來套用，而沒有去判斷該例子是否合適

Back 76

representative bias

Front 77

people continue to support or believe in something that even there is clear evidence that it's wrong.

Back 77

escalation of commitment

Front 78

errors in measurement that lead to measured values being inconsistent when repeated measures of a constant attribute or quantity are taken.

Back 78

randomness error

Front 79

people exaggerate the predictability of an event after it has already happened.

Back 79

hindsight bias

Front 80

the 5 organizational constraints on decision making are...?1/5

Back 80

performance evaluation

Front 81

the 5 organizational constraints on decision making are...?2/5

Back 81

reward systems

Front 82

the 5 organizational constraints on decision making are...?3/5

Back 82

formal regulations

Front 83

the 5 organizational constraints on decision making are...?4/5

Back 83

system-imposed time constraints

Front 84

the 5 organizational constraints on decision making are...?5/5

Back 84

historical precedents

Front 85

managers are strongly influenced in their decision making by the criteria on which they are evaluated

Back 85

performance evaluation

Front 86

the organization's reward system influences decision makers by suggesting to them what choices are preferable in terms of personal payoff

Back 86

reward systems

Front 87

the organization's rules and policies intended to get individuals to act in the intended manner

Back 87

formal regulations

Front 88

organizations impose deadlines on decisions, creating time pressure to decision maker

Back 88

system-imposed time constraints

Front 89

decisions made in the past still influence current options

Back 89

historical precedents

Front 90

the 3 criteria in ethical decisions are...?1/3

Back 90

utilitarianism

Front 91

the 3 criteria in ethical decisions are...?2/3

Back 91

rights

Front 92

the 3 criteria in ethical decisions are...?3/3

Back 92

justice

Front 93

the 4 personalities of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator are...?1/4

Back 93

Extraverted v.s. Introverted

Front 94

the 4 personalities of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator are...?2/4

Back 94

Sensing v.s. Intuitive

Front 95

the 4 personalities of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator are...?3/4

Back 95

Thinking v.s. Feeling

Front 96

the 4 personalities of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator are...?4/4

Back 96

Judging v.s. Perceiving

Front 97

the 5 personalities of the Big-Five Personality Model are...?1/5

Back 97

openness

Front 98

the 5 personalities of the Big-Five Personality Model are...?2/5

Back 98

extraversion

Front 99

the 5 personalities of the Big-Five Personality Model are...?3/5

Back 99

agreeableness

Front 100

the 5 personalities of the Big-Five Personality Model are...?4/5

Back 100

conscientiousness

Front 101

the 5 personalities of the Big-Five Personality Model are...?5/5

Back 101

emotional stability