Organization Of The Body

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what is the scientific term for the study of the body structure

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anatomy

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described as a hollow, cone-shaped organ that is an average of 14 centimeters long and 9 centimeters wide

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the heart

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the tem used for th study of the function of the body's organs

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physiology

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can be described by saying that the heart pumps blood into blood vessels to transport nutrients throughout the body

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physiology of the heart

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commonly studied together because they are intimately related

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anatomy and physiology

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diseases develop in the body when

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homeostasis is not maintained

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defined as the relative consistency of the body's internal environment

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homeostasis

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body condition that must remain within a stable range include

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body temperatur, blood pressure, and the concentration of various chemicals within the blood

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if the chemicals within a cell change the deoxribonucleic acid (DNA) or genetic makeup of the cell, that cell can become?

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cancerous

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the simplist level of the body structure?

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chemical level; refers to billions of atoms and molecules in the body.

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simplist units of all matter and many are essential to life

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atoms

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anything that takes up space and has weight

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matter

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the four most common atoms in the human body are?

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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

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are made up of atoms that bond together

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molecules

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examples of molecules that consist of hundreds of atoms

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proteins and carbohydrates

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molecules join together to form , which can be thought of as cell parts

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organelles

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organelles comine to form cells such as

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leukocytes, erythrocytes, neurons, and adipocytes

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leukocytes are

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white blood cells

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erythrocytes are

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red blood cells

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neurons are

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nerve cells

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adipocytes are

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fat cells

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are consisted to be the smallest living units in the body

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cells

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when the same type of cells form together they form?

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tissue

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the four types of body tissue are

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epithlia, connective, nervous, and muscle

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two or more tissue types combine to form , and they arrange to form .

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organs; organ systems.

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organ systems combine to form an .

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organism

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structures formed by th organization of two or more types that work together to carry out specific functions

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organs

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the heart is made up of , , and . these work together to carry out the function of the heart, which is to effectively pump blood into blood vessels.

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cardiac muscle tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue.

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unite tor form the cardiovascular system

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heart and blood vessels

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function to circulate blood throughout the body to ensure that all body cells reieve enough nutrients

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the organs of the cardiovascular system

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serves as a sense organ for the body, provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and produces vitamin D precursors. consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands.

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integumentary system

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the human body is made up of levels, beginning wht the , and progressing to ?

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chemical; cellular, tissue, organ system, and organism (whole body) levels

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removes foreign substance from the blood and lymph, conbats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats form the digestive tracts. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.

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lymphatic system

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provides protection and support, allows body movenments, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat. consists of bones, associated cartilage, ligaments, and joints.

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skeletal system

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exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. consists of the lungs and respiratory passages

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respiratory system

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produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat, constist of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons

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muscular system

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performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.

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digestive system

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contains the base meaning for the term

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word root

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the end of a term that alters the meaning word root

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suffix

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a major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements physiologing processes, and intellectual functions. consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.

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nervous system

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Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH. ion balance and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine

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Urinary system

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a major regulatory system that influence metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones.

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Endocrine system

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produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones tht influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammory glands, are associated structures.

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female reproductive system

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transports nutrients, waste products, gases, adn hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and regulation of the body temperature. consist o fthe hear, blood vessels and blood

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cardiovascular system

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Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis

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male reproductive system

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appendectomy means what?

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surgical removal of the appendix

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hysterectomy means

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surgical removal of the uterus

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comes at the beginning of the term, like suffix which alters the meaning of the term.

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prefix

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the suffix- al means

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pertaining to

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post means

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after

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which is often and "o" is used between the word root and the suffix

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combining vowel

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trache means

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windpipe

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tracheotomy means

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to cut into the windpipe

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are used to describe the location of body parts and various body regions

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anatomical terms

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a body is standing upright and facing forward with the arms at the sides and palms of the hands facing forward

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anatomical position

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the directional anatomical terms are?

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cranial, caudal, ventral, dorsal, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial, and deep

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above or close to the head

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Superior (cranial)

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below or close to the feet

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Inferior (caudal)

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toward the front of the body

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Anterior (ventral)

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toward the back of the body

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Posterior (dorsal)

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close to the midline of the body

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medial

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farther away from the midline of the body

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lateral

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close to a point of attachment or to the trunk of the body

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proximal

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farther away form a point of attachment or form the trunk of the body

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distal

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close to the surface of the body

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superficial

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more internal

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deep

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medical profesionals often use the following terms to describe how the body is divided into sections

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sagittal, transverse, and frontal (coronal)

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a plane divides the body into left and right portions

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sagittal

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a plane runs lenthwise down the midline of the body and divides it into equal left and right halves

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midsagittal

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a plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions

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transverse

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a or coronal, plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

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frontal

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brachium means

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arm

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femoral means

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thigh

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the largest body cavities are the

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dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity

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the dorsal cavity is divided into the?

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cranial cavity and the spinal cord

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the cranial cavity houses the and the spinal cavity houses the ?

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brain; and the spinal cord

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the ventral cavity is divided into the

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thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

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the muscle called the separates the thoracic and abdominpelvic cavities

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diaphram

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the heart, lungs, esophagus, and trachea are contained in the

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thoracic cavity

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the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into

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a superior abdominal cavity and an inferior pelvic cavity

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the stomach a small and large intestine gallbladder liver spleen kidneys and pancreas are located in the

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abdominal cavity

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the bladder and internal reproductive organs are located in the

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pelvic cavity

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the abdominal area is further divided into

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nine regions or four quadrants

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the chemical level is the lowest level of organization. It included all the chemical elements that make up

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matter

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liquids, solids, and gases are all

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matter

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the study of what matter is made of and how it changes

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Chemistry

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when two or more atoms are chemically combined, a formed.

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molecule

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basic units of compounds

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molecules

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is formed when two or more atoms of more than one element is combined

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compound

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and example of a molecule is water which is made up of

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two hydrogen atoms,a dn one oxygen atom

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accounts for approximately 2/3 of a persons body weight

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water

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the overal chemical functioning of the body

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metabolism

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the two processes of metabolism are

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anabolism and catabolism

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in , small molecules combine to form larger ones

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anabolism

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In , larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones

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catabolism

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When put into water, some substances release , which are either positively or negatively charged particles; these substances are called?

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ions; electrolytes

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NaC1 means? and is a(n)

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Sodium Chloride ; electrolyte

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when you put NaC1 in water, it releases the sodium ion and the chloride ion .

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Na ; C1

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are critical because the movements of ions into and out of body structures regulate or trigger many physiologic states and activates in the body

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electrolytes

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essential to fluid balance, muscle contraction, and wave impulse conduction

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electrolytes

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two types of electrolytes

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Acids; Bases

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These electrolytes release hydrogen ions (H) in water. Many of these such as lemon juice and vinegar have a sour taste.

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Acids

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also a type of electrolyte. They release hydroxyl ions (OH) in water. Many basic substances are slipper and bitter to the taste. A basic substance may also be referred to as an alkaline.

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bases

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Detergents are examples of

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basic solutions

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often use to determine if a substance is acidic or basic

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litmus paper or a pH meter

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will turn blue litmus paper red

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acidic substance

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will turn red litmus paper blue

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a basic substance

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the pH scale runs from

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0 to 14

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if the solution has a pH of 7 it means the solution is

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neutral

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if a solution has a pH less than 7 the solution is

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acidic

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if a solution has a pH greater then 7 it is

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basic or alkaline

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the more acidic a solution is the higher

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the concentration of hydrogen ions it contains

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the study of matter and chemical reactions in the body

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biochemistry

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matter can be divided into two large categories

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organic and inorganic matter

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contains hydrogen and carbon, and tends to be large

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organic matter

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generally does not contain carbon and hydrogen; these molecules tend to be small

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Inorganic matter

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water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and salts, such as sodium chloride are what types of matter.

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inorganic matter

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the most abundant inorganic compound in the body is

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water

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the four major classes of organic matter in the body are

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carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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depends on carbohydrate molecules to make energy

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body cells

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the most common carbohydrate used by body cells is

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glucose

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type of carbohydrate commonly found in potatoes, pastas, and breads, which is broken down into glucose when needed.

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starches

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lipids are

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fats

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there are three types of lipids found in the body, what are they

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triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.

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are used to store energy for cells

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triglycerides

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primarily used to make cell membranes

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phosphlipids

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butter and oils are composed of triglycerides and the body stores these molecules in tissue.

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adipose tissue (fat)

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are very large lipid molecules used to make cell membranes and some hormones

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steriods

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an example of an essential steroid for body cells

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cholesterol

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act as structured materials for the building of solid body parts. act as hormones, enzymes, receptors, and antibodies

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Proteins

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two examples of nucleic acids

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DNA and RNA

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contains the genetic information of cells

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DNA

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used to make proteins

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RNA

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react to form the complex substances that make up cells, the basic unit of life

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chemicals

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most cells have three main parts

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cell membrane, cytoplasm (containing each cells organelles) and the nucleus

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the outer limit of a cell. very thin and selectively permeable

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cell membrane

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composed of two layers of phospholipids, different types of proteins, cholesterol, and a few carbohydrates

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cell membrane

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the "inside" of the cell. Mostly made up of water, proteins, ions, and nutrients.

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cytoplasm

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organelles of the cytoplasm are

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cilia, flagellum, ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and centrioles.

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assist with propelling matter throughout the body tracts, such as within the respiratory system.

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cilia

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a tail-like structure found on the human sperm cell and provides its "swimming" type of locomotion

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flagellum

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are responsible for protein synthesis

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ribosomes

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two forms; both types of endoplasmic reticulum form networks or passageways to transport substances throughout the cytoplasm

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endoplasmic reticulum

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provides energy for the cell

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mitochondria

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known to synthesize or produce carbohydrates. thought to prepare and store secretions for discharge from the cell

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Golgi apparatus

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performs the digestive function of the cell

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lysosomes

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two cylindrical organelles near the nucleus, essential to cell division because equally distributes chromosomes to the resultant "daughter cells"

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centrioles

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a cell typically round in structure and is place near the center of a cell

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nucleus

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thread like structures made up of DNA

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chromosomes

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some substance that move across the cell membrane without energy

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passive mechanisms

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sometimes the cell has to use energy to move a substance across its membrane

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active mechanisms

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is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration it can be described as the spreading out of a substance

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diffusion

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the diffusion or movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, such as a cell membrane

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osmosis

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will always try to diffuse or move toward the higher concentration of solutes (solids in a solution)

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water

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some type of pressure forces substances across a membrane that acts like a filter. separates substances in a solution

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filtration

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substances move across the cell membrane with the help of carrier molecules; opposite of diffusion; moves from an area of low concentration to high concentration

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active transport

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can become damaged, diseased, or worn out, and replacements must be made.

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cells

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a cell that carries out its normal daily functions and is not dividing is said to be in

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interphase

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a cell prepares for cell division by duplicating its DNA and cytoplasmic organelles

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during interphase

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sometimes when the DNA is duplicated, errors called occur

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mutations

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nucleus divides

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mitosis

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splitting the cytoplasm

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cytokinesis

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occurs when the centrioles that have replicated just prior to the onset of mitosis move to opposite ends of the cell. As they separate, they create spindle fibers between them

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prophase

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the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell between the centrioles on these spindle fibers

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metaphase

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the centromeres divide, pulling the chromatids, now chromosomes, toward the centrioles at opposite sides of the cell

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anaphase

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the final stage of mitosis. as the chromosomes reach the centrioles each with its complete set, cytokinesis or division of the cytoplasm takes place and mitosis is complete

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telophase

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the nucleus makes a complete copy of all 23 of its chromosome pairs (46 chromosomes altogether)

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during mitosis

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a reproductive cell division. it takes place only when the male and female sex cells are formed. Copies all 23 chromosomes, but two divisions take place

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meiosis

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primary component of genes and is found in the nucleus of most cells within the body

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DNA

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a segment of DNA that determines a body trait.

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gene

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the unique sequence of the nucleotides determines what

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the characteristics of an individual

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two widely used genetic techniques in the clinical setting are the

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polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA fingerprinting

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the is a quick, easy method for making millions of copies of any fragment of DNA

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polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

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lyme disease, stomach ulcers, viral meningitis, hepatitis, tuberculosis, and many sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including herpes and chlamydia

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PCR testing

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a DNA refers to the unique sequence of nucleotides in a persons DNA and is the same for every cell, tissue, and organ of that person.

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fingerprint

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is the transfer of genetic traits from parent to child

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heredity

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ovum means

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egg

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homologous chromosomes are also known as

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autosomes

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x and y chromosomes =

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male

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x and x chromosomes=

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female

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genes in different forms are called

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alleles

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the allele that is expressed over the other is a

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dominant allele

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the allele that is not expressed over the other is called

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recessive allele

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the term used to describe inherited traits that are determined by multiple genes

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complex inheritance

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are carried on the sex chromosomes x and y. the y chromosome is much smaller than the x chromosome and does not carry many genes

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sex- linked traits

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a covering, lining, or gland; covers most organs in the body and cover the body.

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epithelial tissue

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a type of epithelial tissue that composed of cells that make and secrete substances

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glandular tissue

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if a gland secretes its product into a duct, such as with sweat or oil (subaceous gland) it is called an

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exocrine gland

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if a gland secretes its product directly into tissue fluids or blood, it is called an

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endocrine gland

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release thin hormones directly into the bloodstream and considered endocrine glands

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pancreas and thyroid

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avascular means

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they lack blood vessels

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produce mucous that traps small particles that enter the respiratory tract

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goblet cells

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the most abundant tissues in the body

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connective tissue

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the matter that is between the cells of connective tissue

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matrix

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the most common cell types found in connective tissue are?

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fibroblasts, mast cells, and macrophages

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cells that destroy unwanted material, such as bacteria or toxins

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macrophages

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this tissue is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

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blood

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matrix of the blood

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plasma

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function to transport substances throughout the body

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blood

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the matrix of contains mineral salts that make it a very hard tissue.

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osseous tissue (bone tissue)

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give shapes to structures and protects the ends of long bones and forms the discs between the vertebrae and neck and spine.

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cartilage

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ligaments, tendon, and joint capsules have large amounts of this tissue type.

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dense connective tissue

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stores energy for body cells, cushions body parts and organs, and insulates the body against excessive hear or cold

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adipose (fat) tissue

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a specialized type of tissue that contracts and relaxes

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muscle tissue

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three types of muscle tissue are

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skeletal, visceral (smooth) and cardiac

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attached to the skeleton

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skeletal muscle tissue

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located in the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels and the dermis.

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visceral (smooth) muscle tissue

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specialized muscle tissue located in the wall of the heart

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cardiac muscle tissue

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located in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves

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nervous tissue

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this tissue specializes in sending impulses or electrical messages to the neurons, muscles, and glands in the body

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nervous tissue

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nervous tissue contains two types of cells:

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neurons and neurological cells

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a condition in which a person is born with little or no pigmentation

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albinism

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a life threating disease that mainly effects the lungs and pancreas

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cystic fibrosis

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also called trisomy 21, is a disorder that caused mental retardation. and physical abnormalities

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down syndrome

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the most common inherited cause of learning disability

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fragile x syndrome

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a group of inherited blood disorders

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hemophilia

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a chromosome and abnormality that effects males

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klinefilters syndrome

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a group of genetic disorders that primarily effects the muscular and nervous systems

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muscular dystrophy

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develops is a person cannot synthesize the enzyme that converts phenylaline to tyrosine

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phenylketonuria (PKU)

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a disorder that almost exclusively affects females

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turners syndrome