Organismal Final Exam

Front 1

Costs to plants of herbivory?

Back 1

Wasted energy: invested products of photosynthesis in lost body parts

Decreased ability for future energy gain

Increased risk of infection

Front 2

Types of Defense in Plants

Back 2

Physical and Chemical

Front 3

Physical Defense in plants

Back 3

Spines, thorns, prickles, trichomes

Front 4

Constituitive defenses?

Back 4

always present

Front 5

induced defenses?

Back 5

produced in response to damage

Front 6

Define thorns

Back 6

modified branches, develop from axillary buds

Front 7

Define prickles

Back 7

broad outgrowths of the stem

Front 8

Define Trichomes

Back 8

hairs that are outgrowths of the epidermal tissue of a leaf or stem

Front 9

Bullhorn Acacia - what defenses do they use

Back 9

large, hollow thorns in pairs, biting stinging ants live in them to protect the acacia from herbivores - mutualistic relationship

Front 10

Define Alkaloids

Back 10

Any of numerous nitrogen containing compounds that have ring structures - many very poinsonous to herbivores and humans - chemical defense

Front 11

Alkaloids in human medicine

Back 11

anti malarial drug
kills plasmodium
found in tonic water for british soldiers to drink in areas of the world where malaria is endemic

Front 12

Alkaloids used by humans as stimulants

Back 12

caffeine, cffee tree, chocolate pods, tea plants

Front 13

Define Glycosides

Back 13

Saponins produce soapy residue

Front 14

Glycosids in medicine

Back 14

digitoxin
poinsons insects and mammals that eat leaves or other parts of plants
used as a drug for patients with congestive heart failure - improves circulation, relieves fluid retentino, helps kidney function

Front 15

Define Phenolics - Tannins.

Back 15

present in almost all plants
concentrated in heartwood and bark
may interfere with digestive tracts of insect herbivores and may inhibit microbial growth
give flavor to tea and wine

Front 16

Define Furanocoumarins

Back 16

Chemical defense
some are photoactive and become toxins upon exposure to UV
can cause contact dermatitis

Front 17

Define Resins

Back 17

chemical defense in plants
produced by many plant species
some are toxins
poison oak, poison ivy, poison sumac

Front 18

CNS disruptors - maijuana

Back 18

female flowers and upper leaves produce a resin that binds to receptor cells in brain producing feelings of well being, decreases nausea, decreases glaucoma pressure
may stay in brain cells for many years

Front 19

Similarities between animal and plant defenses

Back 19

have physical and chemical adaptations and mutualistic associations

Front 20

Physical Defenses in Animals

Back 20

Hair, armor, blending in

Front 21

Chemical Defenses in Animals

Back 21

venom, poinson, noxious substances

Front 22

First line of defense

Back 22

Skin and internal barriers

Front 23

Second Line of Defense

Back 23

Innate immune funcions and inflammatory responses

Front 24

Third Line of Defense

Back 24

Acquired immunity - humoral immunie response and cell mediated immune response

Front 25

Evolution of Immune System

Back 25

Modern vertebrate immune system first arose in fish with jaws
invertebrate and vertebrate both had phagocytes and distinguising self from non self characteristics

Front 26

3 layers of the skin

Back 26

epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous

Front 27

Digestive tract defense

Back 27

saliva with immune and non immune components
acidic environment in stomach

Front 28

Respiratory tract defense

Back 28

mucosal layer bc of goblet cells
cilia

Front 29

Innate Immunity Inflammatory Responses

Back 29

Blood vessels interior to wound dilate so blood flow increases to get WBC's there to kill invading microbes

Front 30

Fever as a defense

Back 30

fever inhibits microbial growth but can also cause pathology because increased temp means loss of enzyme function

Front 31

Cell mediated immune response

Back 31

T cells activated when bind to antigens
cytokines secreted
stimulates production of cytotoxic t cells that multiply rapidly and destroy infection

Front 32

Humoral Immune Response

Back 32

B cells activated when they come in contact with foreign antigens
plasma cells release antibodies that bind parasites

Front 33

Structure of Antibodies

Back 33

Two short polypeptide chains
two identical long chains

Front 34

Prokaryotic Reproduction

Back 34

simple fission

Front 35

Protist reproduction

Back 35

Asexual and Sexual

Front 36

Dictyostelium Discoideum life cycle

Back 36

Aggregation - occurs when food supply exhaused or amoebae reach a certain density
Migration - plasmodium leaves aggregation site and may divide
Culmination - slug stops moving, forms cushion shaped structure with little papilla on top
Fruiting - celular mass is raised above the substrate as a result of its cohesiveness - fruiting body called sorcarp

Front 37

What is double fertilization?

Back 37

unique to angiosperms
one sperm nucleus enters egg
one sperm nucleus joins the two nuclei in central cell (3n) endosperm
tube nucleus degenerates

Front 38

Characteristics of Polyploid Plants

Back 38

larger cells and plants are usually larger
watermelons, marigolds, and smapdragons

Front 39

What two ways can polyploidy take place if diploid gametes are formed?

Back 39

gametes may be formed by mitosis instead of meiosis
plants, in contrast to animals, form germ cells (sperm and eggs) from somatic tissues

Front 40

How does polyploidy occur naturally in certian plant tissues?

Back 40

as endosperm develops it undergoes successive rounds of endoreplication
when rhizobium bacteria infect root they induce more endoreplication

Front 41

Fungal Reproduction

Back 41

have alternation of generations
hyphae

Front 42

Foragers

Back 42

predator of plants - forager if the food doesn't move

Front 43

Predators

Back 43

one organism eats the other by engulfing it

Front 44

saprophytes

Back 44

require dead organic material

Front 45

parasites

Back 45

get their nutirtion from living organisms, harming the host

Front 46

Mutualists

Back 46

get their nutrition from living organisms, both organisms benefit

Front 47

commensals

Back 47

one organism uses another for a living space, no intimate contact

Front 48

phoresis

Back 48

host is not harmed or benefited

Front 49

Symbiosis

Back 49

living together

Front 50

which came first? Parasitism or mutualsim?

Back 50

a good parasite does not kill its host

Front 51

Mycorrhizae

Back 51

more than 90% of plants have it

Front 52

Ectomycorrhizae

Back 52

fungus forms a sheath around the outside of the root - between the cells
mostly basidiomycota

Front 53

Endomycorrhizae

Back 53

fungus penetrates the plant cells
very heavily branched
called arbuscules
usually glomeromycota

Front 54

Route of sugar in plant with mycorrhizae

Back 54

Sugar transported as sucrose in plant then changes to another sugar in fungus so plant can't use the sugar and to keep the sucrose gradient

Front 55

Lichens

Back 55

mutualistic relationship between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacteria

Front 56

Where are lichens found?

Back 56

grow in habitats that aren't very nice
deserts, arctic, antarctica, rock faces etc

Front 57

Uses of lichens?

Back 57

lichens break down rocks into soil
food source for caribou and reindeer
natural dyes, tweed
litmus paper

Front 58

Types of Lichens

Back 58

Crustose - flat and crusty
Foliose - leafy, but usually prostrate on the substrate
Furticose - usually upright or hanging, often bright color somewhere

Front 59

Advantage for mycobiont (fungus) in lichens

Back 59

fungus gains nutritionally from photobiont
carbon transfer between photobiont and fungus is rapid

Front 60

Advantages for photobiont in lichens

Back 60

gets a place to live with protection
can grow in area with less moisture without drying out

Front 61

Endophytic Fungi

Back 61

Fungi that live almost entirely within the leaves and stems of apparently healthy host plants
help plant

Front 62

Nitrogen Fixation

Back 62

Nitrogen is triple bonded in air
nitrogenase breaks down triple bond so it can go to ammonia

Front 63

Rhizobium

Back 63

Mutualistic bacteria in plants

Front 64

Key abiotic elements of an organisms environment are..

Back 64

temp, ph, sunlight, moisture

Front 65

Axes of thermoregulation

Back 65

some organisms that generate their own heat (endotherms) some can keep body temp constant (homeotherms) some can allow temp to fluctuate (heterotherms) and some rely on heat from environment (ectotherms)

Front 66

Behavior responses to abiotic change

Back 66

animal will move into a less stressful environment
short distances
extensive movements

Front 67

Physiological responses to abiotic changes

Back 67

ectothermy, endothermy, lipid layers

Front 68

morphology responses to abiotic changes

Back 68

feathers and fur

Front 69

Distributions of animals within populations
Random, uniform, and aggregated

Back 69

Random - individuals are randomly spaced within a population
Uniform - uniform spacing within a population usually due to resource competition
aggregated - individuals clump together usually due to resource distribution

Front 70

Demography

Back 70

Study of factors that determine the size and structure of populations through time - birth, death, immigration, and emmigration

Front 71

Survivorship Cruves

Back 71

Type 1 - late suseptability - full life span
Type 2 - mortality unrelated to age
Type 3 - early susceptability

Front 72

Density dependent survivorship factors

Back 72

biotic interactions
competition
predation
parasitism

Front 73

What is the infection triad?

Back 73

environment - temp, desiccation, pH, UV
host - condition, genetics, sex, age, behavior
parasite - condition, genetics, sex, age, behavior