Organismal Biology Final

Front 1

Malaria Life Cycle

Back 1

-in mosquito
-sporozoites
-create marizoites in liver
-goes into blood stream, invades
-trophozoite eats up blood cell inside erthrocyte
-evolves into ringed trophozoite
-divides asexually to make multinucleated schizont
-nuclei form mononucleated marizoites
-ruptures, releases toxins


when some erithrocytes develop into gametocytes, they reproduce sexually
-don’t rupture
-only reproduce once extracted by mosquito
-form gametes in gut of mosquito
-produce oocysts, which turn to sporozoites

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Merozoite

Back 2

Form of the malaria parasite that invades red blood cells

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Oocyte

Back 3

Stage of the malaria parasite within the mosquito which is produced when male and female gametes combine.

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Ookinete

Back 4

Actively moving zygote of the malarial organism that penetrates the mosquito stomach to form an oocyst under the outer gut lining

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Sporozoite

Back 5

Infectious form of the malaria parasite, which is injected into people by mosquitoes

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Malaria (Domain, Supergroup, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Genus)

Back 6

Domain: Eukarya
Supergroup: Alveolata
Phylum: Apicomplexa
Class: Aconoidasida
Genus: Plasmodium

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Mosquito (Domain, Supergroup, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Genus)

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Domain: Eukarya
Supergroup: Opisthokonta
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Genus: Anopheles

Front 8

Trypanosoma (Domain, Supergroup, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Genus)

Back 8

Domain: Eukarya
Supergroup: Excavata
Phylum: Kinetoplastea
Genus: Trypanosoma

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Supergroup Excavata

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(Supergroup)
Water-dwelling, single-celled
Characterized by "feeding groove" that alllows them to ingest food in aquatic habitats

eg. Giardia: Anaerobic, flagellated, protozoan parasites
Euglenida (Euglena): Photosynthetic flagellate
Kinetoplastea (Trypanosoma) (sleeping sickness)

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Supergroup Alveolata

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(Supergroup)
Presence of cortical alveoli (flattened vesicles packed into a continuous layer supporting the membrane)
mitochondria with tubular cristae
flagella or cilia have distinct structure
eg. Apicomplexa; Dinozoa; Ciliophera

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Supergroup Stramenopilia

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(Supergroup)
Named for strawlike hairs that occur on surfaces of flagella, increasing swimming efficiency
Diatoms
Eukaryotes
Tubular hairs on flagella
If present, chloroplasts surrounded by 3+ membranes
Reproduction: Binary fission (mitosis), continually reducing in size; when too small, it will reproduce sexually, and increase size
eg. Bacillariophycaea, Golden and brown algae,
Water mold

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Supergroup Amoebozoa

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(Supergroup)
movement aided by pseudopodia (bulges of cytoplasm)

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Supergroup Opisthokonta

Back 13

swimming cells possessing single posterior flagellum

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Tsetse Fly (Domain, Supergroup, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Genus)

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Domain: Eukarya
Supergroup: Opisthokonta
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Genus: Glossina

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Life Cycle of Trypanosome

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1. Tsetse fly takes blood meal of host; injects trypanomastigotes into skin tissue
2. Parasite enters lymphatic system and passes into blood stream
3. Asexual reproduction via binary fission in circulatory fluid of host
4. Tsetse fly ingests trypanomastigotes during feeding
5. Asexual reproduction of trypanomastigotes in tsetse fly gut
6. Trypanomastigotes migrate to salivary gland of tsetse fly

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Eukaryotic Cells

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Membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; linear DNA with histones;

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Prokaryotic Cells

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Genetic material and organelles not bound by membranes; DNA in the form of plasmids (circular chromosomes) with no histones

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Müllerian Mimicry

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two or more toxic species converge to look the same, thus reinforcing basic distasteful design

eg. black-and-yellow striped bands of bees and wasps

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Batesian Mimicry

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mimicry of an unpalatable species by a palatable one

eg. flies that mimic black-and-yellow coloration of bees

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Symbiosis (Definition and 3 types)

Back 20

2 organisms living together
-Mutualism: both benefit
-Commensalism: one organism benefits; other is unaffected
-Parasitism: one organism benefits at other's expense

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Endosymbiosis

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symbiotic relationship in which the smaller species lives inside of larger species

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Endosymbiotic Theory

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mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from bacteria that took up residence within primordial eukaryotic cell; relationship provided eukaryotic cells w/ useful cellular characteristics
-chloroplasts: derived from cyanobacteria; carry out photosynthesis, allowing plant cells to derive energy from sunlight
-mitochondria: derived from purple bacteria; enabled eukaryotic cells to synthesize greater amounts of ATP

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Kingdom Plantae

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Multicellular; eukaryotic; presence of cell wall; cells organized into tissues; obtain nutrients through photosynthesis and absorption

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Domain Bacteria

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Prokaryotic; cellular membranes composed of fatty acid chains; cell walls containing peptidoglycan; unique form of rRNA
Monera (unicellular, lack nucleus)

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Domain Archaea

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Prokaryotic; cellular membranes composed of branched hydrocarbon chains; cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan; unique rRNA
Monera (unicellular, lack nucleus)

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Domain Eukarya

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Eukaryotic; cellular membranes composed of fatty acid chains; not all possess cell walls, but those that do contain no peptidoglycan; unique rRNA

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Kingdom Fungi

Back 27

Eukaryotic; unicellular or multicellular; presence of cell walls; not organized into tissues; do not carry out photosynthesis, instead obtain nutrients through absorption

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Kingdom Animalia

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Eukaryotic; multicellular; cells organized into tissues; no cell wall; obtain nutrients primarily by ingestion; do not carry out photosynthesis

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Phylum Cyanobacteria

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(Domain Bacteria)
Photosynthetic; generate oxygen as a product of photosynthesis; according to endosymbiotic theory, the chloroplasts found in plants and eukaryotic algae evolved from cyanobacterial ancestors via endosymbiosis

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Phylum Proteobacteria

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(Domain Bacteria)
Very diverse; idk just remember that it's a thing

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Parazoa

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Subgroup of animal kingdom
Do not possess specialized tissue types or organs; cells are able to change shape and location
Include Porifera (sponges)

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Eumetazoa

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Subgroup of animal kingdom
Possess differentiated tissue and organs that perform specific functions
Include all phyla except Porifera

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Radial Symmetry

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Radiata
Can be divided equally by any longitudinal plane passing through central axis
2 germ layers (diploblastic)
Include Cnidaria and Ctenophora

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Bilateral Symmetry

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Bilateria
Can be divided along a vertical plane at the midline to create two halves
Strongly correlated w/ ability to move through the environment and cephalization
3 germ layers (triploblastic)
Include all phyla except Cnidaria, Ctenophora, and Porifera

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Diplobastic

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2 germ layers (tissue types)
Endoderm and ectoderm
Include all radiata

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Triploblastic

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3 germ layers
Endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm
All bilateria

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Protostome

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blastopore becomes mouth
determinate cleavage (fate of each embryonic cell is determined very early)
Many display spiral cleavage (planes of cell cleavage are oblique to the vertical axis of the embryo)
Include all bilateria except Echinodermata and Chordata

Front 38

Deuterostome

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Blastopore becomes anus
Indeterminate cleavage (each cell produced by early cleavage retains ability to develop into a complete embryo)
All exhibit radial cleavage (cleavage planes are either parallel or perpendicular to vertical axis of egg)
Include Echindoermata and Chordata

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Eucoelomate

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True coelom in which body cavity is lined with mesoderm
Include Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata

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Pseudocoelomate

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Coelom present, but not lined with tissue derived from mesoderm
lack vascular blood system, skeleton, segmentation; presence of body wall

Include Rotifera and Nematoda

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Acoelomate

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No coelom
Include Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes

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Lophotrochozoa

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Presence of lophophore (crown of tentacles used for feeding) and trochophore larva (distinct larval stage)
Include Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Bryozoa, Mollusca, Annelida

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Ecdysozoa

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class of molting animals; shedding and replacement of the external cuticle as the animal grows; the cuticle contains chitin as its main structural component
Include Nematoda and Arhtropoda

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Phylum Porifera

Back 44

Opisthokont
Sponges
Parazoa (no differentiated tissues)

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Phylum Cnidara

Back 45

Opisthokont
Acoelomate
Metazoa (differentiated tissues)
Diploblastic (2 germ layers)
Radiata (radial symmetry)
Cnidocytes/nematocysts (specialized cells that they use mainly for capturing prey)
single orifice and body cavity that are used for digestion and respiration
two main layers of cells that sandwich a middle layer of jelly-like material, the mesoglea

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Phylum Platyhelminthes

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Opisthokont
Acoelomate
Metazoa
Triploblastic (3 germ layers)
Bilateral symmetry
Protostome
Lophotrochozoa
Most primitive bilaterally symmetrical animals
Spiral cleavage
Free-living and parasitic

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Phylum Rotifera

Back 47

Opisthokont
Psuedocoelomate
Metazoa
Triploblastic (3 germ layers)
Bilateral Symmetry
Protostome
Lophotrochozoa
multicellular
psuedocoelomoate
complete digestive tract that includes both a mouth and anus
externally but not internally segmented

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Phylum Bryozoa

Back 48

Opisthokont
Metazoa

Triploblastic
Bilateral Symmetry
Protostome
Lophotrochozoa

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Phylum Mollusca

Back 49

Opisthokont
Metazoa
Eucoelomate
Triploblastic
Bilateral Symmetry
Protostome
Lophotrochozoa
unsegmented
two pairs of main nerve cords
well-developed, muscular foot, used for: locomotion, clinging to surfaces, burrowing, anchoring in sediment, swimming, and grasping
epidermal tissue called the mantle surrounds the body
Specialized glands in the mantle are responsible for the extracellular excretions that form shell structures

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Phylum Annelida

Back 50

Opisthokont
Metazoa
Triploblastic
Bilateral Symmetry
Protostome
Lophotrochozoa
segmented bodies
body wall with both longitudinal and circular muscle
complete digestive tract
nervous system showing some degree of cephalization
closed circulatory system
excretory system

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Phylum Nematoda

Back 51

Opisthokont
Metazoa
Pseudocoelomate
Triploblastic
Bilateral Symmetry
Protostome
Ecdysozoa
Body possesses a through gut with a subterminal anus.
covered in a complex cuticle.
nervous system with pharyngeal nerve ring.
no circulatory system (no blood system)
Sexual reproduction

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Phylum Arthropoda

Back 52

Opisthokont
Jointed appendages
Metazoa
Eucoelomate
Bilateral Symmetry
Protostome
Ecdysozoa
external and internal segmentation
exoskeleton
molting
cilia not present
eucoelomates
open circulatory system
complete gut

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Phylum Echinodermata

Back 53

Opisthokont
Endoskeleton
Metazoa
Radial symmetry
Deuterostome
Eucoelomate
Decentralized nervous system
true endoskeleton formed by ossicles, functionally an exoskeleton

Front 54

Phylum Chordata

Back 54

Opisthokont
Endoskeleton
Eucoelomate
Metazoa
Bilateral Symmetry
Deuterostome
possess a notochord
Endostyle
dorsal neural tube develops into spinal chord
Post-anal tail
Pharyngeal slits form gills or filter-feeding system

Front 55

Kingdom Choanomonda

Back 55

Choanoflagellate (single-celled, with flagellum surrounded by collar composed of cytoplasmic tentacles) which is common ancestor of all animals

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Phylum Fornicata

Back 56

Supergroup: Excavata
Anaerobic, flagellated, protozoan parasites
eg. Giardia

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Phylum Euglenida

Back 57

Supergroup: Excavata
Photosynthetic flagellate
eg. euglena

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Phylum Kinetoplastea

Back 58

Supergroup: Excavata
flagellates with kinetoplastids
eg. trypanosoma

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Phylum Dinozoa

Back 59

Supergroup: Alveolata
Dinoflagellates
Cellulose plates
nuclei are not characteristically eukaryotic, as they lack histones, nucleosomes

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Phylum Apicomplexa

Back 60

Supergroup: Alveolata
eg. plasmodium

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Phylum Ciliophora

Back 61

Supergroup: Alveolata
Ciliated, unicellular, protozoa

eg. Paramecium

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Phylum Bacillariophyceae

Back 62

Eg. Diatoms

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Class Hydrozoa

Back 63

Phylum: Cnidaria
Hydra

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Class Scyphozoa

Back 64

Phylum: Cnidaria
Jellyfish

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Class Anthozoa

Back 65

Phylum: Cnidaria
Coral, sea anemones

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Class Turbellaria

Back 66

Phylum: Platyhelminthes
not wholly parasitic
eg. planaria

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Class Trematoda

Back 67

Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Parasitic
flukes (eg schistosoma)

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Class Cestoda

Back 68

Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Tapeworms (Taenia)
-scolex (head)
-proglottid (body segments)

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Class Gastropoda

Back 69

Phylum: Mollusca
Snails, Slugs

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Class Bivalvia

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Phylum: Mollusca
Clams, mussels, oysters
Anatomy:
-visceral mass (gonads, stomach)
-foot surrounding visceral mass
-mantle surrounding foot

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Class Cephalopoda

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Phylum: Mollusca
bilateral body symmetry; a prominent head; set of arms or tentacles (muscular hydrostats) modified from the primitive molluscan foot
Octopodes, squids

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Class Polychaeta

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Phylum: Annelida
presence of parapodia (un-jointed lateral outgrowths from the bodies)
clam worms

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Class Ogliochaeta

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Phylum: Annelida
"bristles" on their outer body surfaces; lack parapodia (un-jointed lateral outgrowths from the bodies)
Earthworms

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Class Hirudinea

Back 74

Phylum: Annelida
do not have bristles and the external segmentation of their bodies does not correspond with the internal segmentation of their organs; bodies are much more solid as the spaces in their coelom are dense with connective tissues; two suckers, one at each end
Leeches

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Class Merostomata

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Phylum: Arthropoda
possession of appendages which are mouthparts at their proximal end, but swimming legs at their distal end
horseshoe crabs

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Class Arachnida

Back 76

Phylum: Arthropoda
8 segmented legs
spiders (duH), ticks, mites

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Class Diplopoda

Back 77

Phylum: Arthropoda
2 sets of legs per segment
Millipedes

Front 78

Class Chilopoda

Back 78

Phylum: Arthropoda
1 set of legs per segment
Centipedes

Front 79

Class Insecta

Back 79

Phylum: Arthropoda
Exoskeleton, six jointed legs, one pair antennae

Front 80

Class Crustacea

Back 80

Phylum: Arthropoda
biramous (two-parted) limbs and nauplius form of the larvae

Front 81

Subphylum Cephalochordata

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Phylum: Chordata
presence of a notochord that persists throughout life

Front 82

Subphylum Urochordata

Back 82

Phylum: Chordata
sea squirts

Front 83

Class Petromyzontida

Back 83

Subphylum: Vertebrata
jawless fish
lampray

Front 84

Subphylum Vertebrata

Back 84

Phylum: Chordata
backbone

Front 85

Class Chondrichthyes

Back 85

Subphylum: Vertebrata
cartilaginous fishes
Sharks
Skates
Rays

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Class Actinopterygii

Back 86

Subphylum: Vertebrata
bony fish

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Class Amphibia

Back 87

Subphylum: Vertebrata
ectothermic, tetrapod vertebrates
Frogs
Salamanders

Front 88

Class Testudines

Back 88

Subphylum: Vertebrata
bony upper and lower shells
Turtles

Front 89

Class Squamata (Lepidosauria)

Back 89

Subphylum: Vertebrata
scaled reptiles
Lizards
Snakes

Front 90

Class Crocodilia

Back 90

Subphylum: Vertebrata
Crocodiles
large protective scales, streamlined body, and eyes and nostrils that are positioned on top of the head
Alligators

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Class Aves

Back 91

Subphylum: Vertebrata
Feathered, winged, bipedal, warm-blooded, egg-laying
Birds

Front 92

Class Mammalia

Back 92

Subphylum: Vertebrata
warm-blooded amniotes, hair,
Mammals

Front 93

Schistosomite Life Cycle

Back 93

-eggs laid in bowels
-hatch in water, releasing miricidia
-miricidia penetrate snail tissue
-form sporocysts
-cercariae released by snail into water
-penetrate skin
- cercariae lose tails, become schistosomulae
-circulation
-migrate to portal blood in liver and mature into adults
-paired adults migrate to bladder/bowel
-lay eggs that circulate to liver and are shed in stools

Front 94

Generalized fluke life cycle

Back 94

-Infect mollusks as first hosts in life cycle
-asexual reproduction occurs
-Infect definitive host (eg, humans)
-sexual reproduction occurs
-eggs shed in host feces
-eggs shed in water release free-swimming lava that infect intermediate host
-asexual reproduction continues

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Intermediate Host (parasitology)

Back 95

a host that harbors the larval juvenile, immature or asexual stage of a parasite. It is essential to the parasite's lifecycle. The intermediate host transfers the parasite from one definitive host to another.

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Vector

Back 96

a carrier (usually an arthropod) that transmits the causative organism of disease from infected to noninfected individuals

Front 97

Definitive Host

Back 97

a host that harbors the adult sexual stage of the parasite

Front 98

Benefits of sexual and asexual reproduction in parasites

Back 98

Under favourable conditions asexual reproduction is superior to sexual as the parent is well adapted to its environment and its descendents share these genes. Transferring to a new host or in times of stress, sexual reproduction is generally superior as this produces a shuffling of genes which on average at a population level will produce individuals better adapted to the new environment.

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Endostyle

Back 99

longitudinal ciliated groove on the ventral wall of the pharynx which produces mucus to gather food particles, present in all chordates

in humans, it is the thyroid

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Parasitoid

Back 100

Parasite that ultimately sterilizes or kills, and sometimes consumes, its host

Front 101

Phylum Hemichordata

Back 101

Opisthokont
deuterostomes
pharyngeal gill slits
most have a dorsal (and sometimes hollow) nerve cord
However, they lack a notochord